Çanakkale - Eceabat Çamyayla Atatürk Headquarters

Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) who was the military Attache in Sofia had seen that The Ottoman Government inevitably was going to enter the World War One, had asked insistently from the Commander-in-Chief’s office to be appointed to an active duty. In return for his insistence, on 20 January 1915, he was appointed as the Commanding Officer to the 19 Division which was being established in the Tekirdag region. In a very short time Atatürk had finalized the establishment of this division and moved it to Eceabat on 25 February 1915 in order to be ready for a likely defence of the Gallipoli peninsula. After supplying the division here, on 18 April 1915 arrived at Çamyayla (the old name is Bigali) village and established his headquarters in a village house, a week before the war started. Atatürk, after his defensive and offensive battles against the superior enemy forces at Conkbayiri and Ariburnu, attracted attention of the whole world with his heroism, courage and the victories won and promoted to full Colonel on 1 June 1915. During those days Atatürk was preparing his offensive plans and directing the battle in his Çamyayla headquarters in a village house. After the Gallipoli victory, on 10 December 1915 Atatürk returned to Istanbul as a Hero.

This headquarters of Atatürk in Çamyayla, had been used as a house by its owners for many years after the Gallipoli wars. Everybody knew that Atatürk had spent his longest nights in this house, the kerosene lamps had been glowing until every dawn during the war. There is only one table remaining from the original furniture. Who knows how many days and nights Atatürk had used this table, marking the maps, drawing his war strategies. Finally, a “Çamyayla Atatürk Museum Founding Committee” was formed. First thing this committee had done was placing a signboard on the front door of the house with inscriptions reading: “The 19 Division headquarters of Atatürk in 1915”. The committee wanted to purchase the house from its owners to make it a museum. Finally they succeeded in this matter as well.

Later on, the Çamyayla Headquarters of Atatürk was turned over to the Ministry of Culture. After restoring the house, the Ministry opened it to public in 1973. The Atatürk Çamyayla Headquarters was constructed as a two-storey lathwork building. You enter to a small courtyard from its main door. In the ground floor there are one large and two small rooms. Through wooden stairs you can reach the large living room on the first floor. There are three rooms opening to the living room. The room in the middle is the largest and was the study room of Atatürk. The one on the right was his bedroom. The other room was used by his aide. The rooms had timber ceilings and floorings. Atatürk’s table is in the study room.

The Headquarters Museum had opened to exhibition after furnishing with articles and pictures of Atatürk collected later.

Bursa - Atatürk Museum

The building, which is situated on Cekirge Avenue, is believed to be constructed at the end of the 19th Century. The lodge has two floors and a basement. During his second visit to Bursa in between 20-24 January 1923, Bursa Municipality had purchased this building from Colonel Mehmet Bey and presented it to Atatürk as a gift. After that, Atatürk stayed in this lodge on his visits to Bursa. On 1938, the building was sold to the Turkish Republic Retirements Foundation by Bursa Municipality, and on 6 February 1968, the Foundation turned over the building to the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums. On the fiftieth anniversary of the Republic, the building after being converted to a museum, opened to the public on 29 October 1973.

First Floor: There is a reception room on the right-hand side of the entrance and a dining room and a rest room on the left hand side.

Second Floor: The bedroom is on the right and the study room is on the left. Passing through the right hand side of the study room you will reach the greenhouse. The basement is used as the kitchen and the maintenance. Most of the furniture and articles in display are the originals used by Atatürk.

Balıkesir - Kuva-i Milliye (National Forces) Museum

History
The building, which was used as the Municipality Building until it became the Kuva-yi Milliye (National Forces) Museum, was built in 1840, for the Treasury Officer of the province subdivision of Karesi, Mehmet Pasha as a lodge. Later on, in late 1800’s vanished in a fire. The grandchild Halit Pasha built a new mansion in its place and during the Independence War it was utilized for important services.

After the occupation of Izmir On 15 May 1919, the people from Balikesir gathered on 16 May 1919, armed struggle decree taken and the flame of National Forces had risen in this building. It served to 2 Army Corps Command and to Ali Hikmet Pasha as Headquarters for many years. It became the work centre for the Izmir Northern Fronts Committee. On 6 February 1923, Atatürk, on his first visit to Balikesir, had stayed in a building within the same compound, which was opened as the “Literacy Home” in 1933 and, on 18 May 1998 was again opened to public service as “The Library of the History of National Struggle”.

Kuva-yi Milliye Museum

The municipality, taking action in the years 1985 and 1986, issued to board decrees, to open the building as a museum. The building had been used as headquarters during the National Struggle. Later on the use of this building was permanently given to the Directorate of the Ancient Remains and Monuments of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. A protocol was signed between the Balikesir Governors office and the Municipality on this issue.
Later on, after the establishment of the Directorate of the Museum, the restoration works were speeded up and the museum opened to public on 6 September 1996.

The Kuva-yi Milliye Museum, consist of two sections; in the ground floor that has an area of 120 square metres, the decisions in writing taken by 41 people who were the initiator of the establishment of Kuva-yi Milliye in Balikesir, the congress issues, the personal effects of these heroic people and their photographs, and Atatürk’s photographs taken during his visit to Balikesir are displayed. On the first floor which has the same area, the archeological and ethnographical works of the region are being exhibited.

Address: Anafartalar Avenue, Balikesir

Telephone: +90 (266) 243 31 81

Antalya - Atatürk Museum

At the beginning of March 1930 Atatürk was in Izmir. The weather was going very cold. Atatürk thought of taking a rest for a week in Antalya’s warm weather. On 5 March 1930 he departed from Izmir to Antalya. Passing through Isparta and Burdur, arrived in Antalya in the afternoon on 6 March 1930. From the village of Kepez to the city, the people had filled out both sides of the road to see and cheer for the great leader. At 16:00 hours, Atatürk arrived at Tophane square. The villa where he was going to stay presented to him as a gift by the people of Antalya. The ground in front of the villa was crowded with people. After resting for a short time in the villa, Atatürk came out to the balcony, made a short speech and thanked to the people of Antalya. The same night he went to the Turkish Nationalist Club and discussed with the youth on the country’s problems. Towards midnight he went back to the villa for rest.

Atatürk had stayed a whole week in Antalya until 12 March 1930 morning. During this time he went about to various places. He visited museums, historical ruins, citrus gardens and talked with producers. After a week's rest, on 12 March at 10:00 hours in the morning returned to Ankara with his accompaniments.

The next year Atatürk again arrived in Antalya on 10 February 1931 at noon time with the Ege steamboat while passing through the shores of Aegean and Mediterranean seas, and went to Silifke without staying there. The third and the last time of Atatürk’s arrival in Antalya occurred in February 1935. Atatürk had departed from Izmir on 16 February 1935 with Ege steamboat and arrived at Antalya pier on Monday at 13:30 hours, 18 February 1935. His sister Makbule Atadan, Ms. Nebile, Professor Afet Inan, Fahrettin Altay, Nuri Conker, Cevat Abbas Gürer, his aides and others were accompanying him. Arriving at his villa directly from pier with barouche rested until the evening. After spending the night in the villa, the next evening at 22:30 hours he departed for Tasucu town with the Ege steamboat.

The Atatürk villa that the people of Antalya had presented to him, is a two-storey stone building with clay tile roof. There is a long hall at the entrance. At the right side of the hall there is a living room, a room, a bathroom and a kitchen situated. At the left side there are two rooms and the stairs going up to the first floor. On the first floor, apart from the hall, there are seven rooms one of them with a balcony. Atatürk had slept in the room across the stairs.
After the death of Atatürk, the Antalya Atatürk Villa was transferred to the Private Administration and used as Night School of Crafts for Girls and The Institute for Girls in 1939. In 1952 the villa was handed over to the Ministry of Agriculture and used as the office of the Directorate of Technical Agriculture until 1980. After 1980 it was transferred to the Ministry of Culture, restored and opened to the public as the Atatürk Museum.

Antalya - Alanya Atatürk House Museum

On 18 February 1935 the founder of the Turkish Republic, the great leader Atatürk visited Alanya. The house that he stayed and rested for a while was donated to the Ministry of Culture by the owner Mr. Tevfik Azakoglu. The house was restored, furnished and opened to the visitors as “Atatürk House and Museum” in 1987. The personal effects of Atatürk, photographs, a telegraph written by Atatürk and sent to the people of Alanya and other historical documents are exhibited in the first floor rooms of the museum. In the second floor rooms, typical Alanya house with all its features is conserved and samples of ethnographical items peculiar to the region are being exhibited.

Ankara - Atatürk House

As it is known, due to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire after the World War I, the house that Atatürk was born and spent his childhood years in, had remained outside of the country land. During the Lausanne discussions Atatürk’s wish to include Salonika within the borders of the country had not been realized and he had felt great sorrow from this.

The Executive Committee of the Ankara Chamber of Commerce gathered on 6 November 1980 for the whole country wide celebrations of the centennial birthday of the founder of our nation, the great leader Atatürk. In this gathering, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of its time, Mr. O. Galip Gencoglu, put forward a proposal for constructing in Ankara, the exact replica of the house in Salonika where Atatürk was born and spent his childhood and part of his youth with his friends, planning and deciding for an independent country with a free governing regime. This proposal was welcomed with a great emotion and excitement by the representatives of the Premier, Cemal Sümer and Polat Ögün, members of the Executive Committee Muin Eksi, Irfan Bozer, Sabahattin Parla, Ekrem Ekinci, Yasar Eraydin, Turhan Yalcin, Yakup Köseoglu, Halil Yilancioglu and the Secretary-General Mehmet Aydin. After the approval of the proposal of the Executive Committee with same emotion and excitement by the Chamber Board, the matter was presented to the chairmanship of the Centennial Celebrations Coordination Committee and necessary permission and approval was received. After that all the formalities were finalized and immediately went into action.

After the change of the Executive Committee headed by Galip Gencoglu, the new Committee under the chairmanship of Necdet Esen, the deputies Süleyman Akyol, Ahmet Cavusoglu and the members Sabahattin Parla, Abdurrahim Gümüs,Turan Kurdoglu, Ali Bitirim, Teoman Keskin, Erol Onar, Turgut Ergün and Ilhami Tuncay had continued under the same eagerness and sensitiveness. On 19 May 1981 at 17:00 hours the foundation of the house was laid by the Prime Minister Bülend Ulusu on a land allotted at the Atatürk Forest Farm that was established and very much loved by our Ata (Atatürk).
With the undertaking and leadership of the Ankara Chamber of Commerce and constructed by Nurol Construction Collective Company, this valuable work was opened by the State President General Kenan Evren.

Atatürk Room

The floor of the room was covered with a Berkofca Kilim in 3.86 x 2.82 metres dimensions. Kilim have white, green and black flower pattern on vermilion ground. On the right hand side, next to the entrance, a 4.40 by 2.15 metres of wooden panel covers the whole wall with a 0.90 metres bronze bust of Atatürk.

On the left-hand side of the bust there is a small desk covered with blue broadcloth. There is a memorial book on the desk for visitors to write their impressions.

A Salonika brazier placed in the middle of the room, and old style chairs were arranged in row across the other two walls. There is a pair of curtains on the windows; one of the pairs are of calico with lacework at the ends. The second of the pair is of red satin material with beige colour flowers and vase pattern on them. The cushions and the divan cover is of the same colour with lacework on their edges.

A brass kerosene lamp with white shade hanged to a hook on the ceiling finishes up the interior decoration of the room.

Museum Room

The appearance of the room which its door opens to the hall, comprises of Atatürk’s personal photographs and documents is like this:

In order to attract the attention of the visitors the floor of the room was not paved and windows held only plain calico curtains.

In the room there are only cabinets, a bookshelf and some photographs. The following articles are in display in the cabinets:

First Cabinet: A grey coloured suit, a cap and a casual shirt.

Second Cabinet: A swallow tailed suit, a black and white waistcoat, gloves and a top hat.

Third Cabinet: A black overcoat, a dressing gown and a pair of shoes.

Fourth Cabinet: Field Marshal’s hat, a scarf, a necktie, a calling card case, a cigarette case, a pair of prayer beads, a table bell, a coffe cup, a cane and a horse whip.

The other parts of the Atatürk House

Sections of the House

First Floor: (Stone entrance hall, pantry and the servants room)

From the main door entry is made to the entrance hall. The entrance hall is paved with Malta stones. A kerosene lamp was placed on the wall next to the door opening to the garden. On the same wall there is also a washbasin, and at the side of it, a pitcher and pan was placed. Two signboards, one in Turkish and one in Greek, on the wall saying not to be touched to the articles and furniture, and not to be smoking.

Pantry: Along the wall right-hand side of the door a wooden grain box, a meshed sieve, earthenware pots, chopping block, a hatchet, an ax and a large earthenware jar were placed. And along the wall across the door a dough trough, a bread pan, a tray, a large copper tray and a frying pan were placed. And on the wall where the door is a cauldron, copper food buckets and some other kitchen articles were placed.

Servants Room: A wicker mat was laid down on the floor of the room. A large grass cushion placed along the whole wall across the door under the window and it is covered with a yellow coloured sheepskin. Along the wall on the left-hand side of the door a 2.30 by 0.80 metres divan was placed. Divan and the cushion covers were made of a dark coloured fabric with flower pattern. And, along the wall on the right-hand side of the door, a pair of trunks of 0.98 by 0.50 metres were placed, with a mattress, a quilt and a blanket on top of them, all folded nicely. On one of the window casing there is an earthenware jug and a metal water cup; on the other one you can see a coloured kerosene lamp.

Second Floor: (Hall, Kitchen, Living Room and the Guest Room)

The Hall: The floor is laid down with a Sarköy kilim of 4.35 by 3.90 metres. The kilim is knitted with black, white, beige, brown, green, red and grey coloured materials and the centre is serrated, embroidered like a saw teeth. The other parts have stylised shapes. At the windows of the hall looking towards the street and the garden, first the calico sun curtains, and than silk fabric curtains with yellow leafed blue flowers on vermillion ground are hanged. The top and side edges of the curtains are bordered by velvet furbelow. The divan and the cushions are covered with the same colour of the curtains. The cushions and the divan are also covered with laced calico cloth coverings. In the centre of the hall an old style medium sized dark coloured round mahogany table can be seen. A Rumelia style embroidered tablecloth with flower pattern covers the table. A wardrobe will come into view when the stairs are climbed. The wardrobe with openwork has two yellow coloured doors and mirror, and three drawers. It is the same colour with the hall's ceiling, floor and the doors.

Bamboo chairs are lined up along the wall. An old style kerosene lamp with white lampshade is hanged to a hook in the centre of the ceiling.

Kitchen: You can see tinned copper pots and pans placed in the shelves among the other kitchen utensils.

Living room and bedroom: Opening to the hall and next to the kitchen, Atatürk’s mother’s living room and bedroom is furnished very plainly. A kilim, 3.30 by 3.35 metres and in similar colour and pattern to the one in the hall, is spread out to the floor. When you enter from the door, at right, in front of the three windows facing the street you can see a Rumelian style divan; and along in the left-hand side wall, an old style brass double bed with a red colour bedspread. On the head of the bed, a bag to hold Koran and a framed religious inscription are hanged to the wall. Two floor cushions and in front of them a Salonika brazier are placed between the bed and the divan. There is also a trunk covered with flowers embroidered blue colour cloth can be seen at the foot of the bed. Along the windows, above the calico sun curtains, green and beige coloured curtains with green branch pattern are hanged.

Divan and cushion covers are made of the same material. The calico sun curtains, cushion covers and the divan covers laces have clock pattern. An oval picture of Atatürk with moustache and a framed religious inscription are hanged on the wall right-hand side of the door.

Guest Room: The floor of the guest room, which opens to the hall, is covered with 3 by 2.50 metres Sarköy kilim. The kilim has green, black and white pattern on red ground. There is a big brass brazier placed on a base in the middle of the room. Along the right wall of the room a console, in the same colour of the ceiling, doors and the floor, with five drawers can be seen. An old style large mirror with gilding frame is hanged above the console.
A pair of lamp with blue spherical glass lampshades is placed on the console in front of the mirror. There is a coloured plate with a coloured glass jar and a glass placed in between those lamps.

A fabric covered couch with purple patterns is placed along the wall right across the door. A pair of old style end tables was placed in both sides of the couch. At the right side of the couch there is a small shelf fastened to the wall. There are three vases on this shelf.
Rumelian work embroideries with flowered edges were placed on the tables, end tables and the shelfs. A kerosene lamp fixed to a hook on the ceiling completes the furnishing of the room.

Third Floor: (Hall, Atatürk Room, Museum Room)

Hall: The floor of the hall is covered with a Sarköy Kilim. There is an oval table placed in the middle of the hall with a Rumelian work large napkin and a flowerpot.

A small wall console with a marble top, gilding sides and legs is placed along the wall right across the stairs. This console also has a Rumelian work large napkin on it. A mirror with gilding frame is placed on the console. A brass kerosene lamp with white lamp shape is set in front of the mirror.
There is a pitcher and a pan placed in front of the toilet door of the hall, and also a chest is in front of the wall facing the garden. Bamboo chairs are also placed along the wall.
You can see a Rumelian type of divan placed in front of the wall windows facing the street. The windows of the hall are covered with calico sun curtains, and wine colour fabric curtains with flower pattern. Furbelows and fringes in the same colour of the curtain cover the edges of the curtains.
Divan and cushion covers are in the same colour of the curtains. Lacework are placed on the cushions and the divan.

Address: Atatürk Orman Ciftligi (Atatürk Forest Farm), Gazi - Ankara

Telephone: +90 (312) 211 01 70 Ext. 222

Ankara - Anıtkabir (Atatürk's Mausoleum)

I. ANITKABIR IDEA

The great leader of Turkish Independence War and Turkish Revolution and the founder of Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s life, with full of struggles for Turkish land's freedom and endeavours to raise the Turkish Nation to the level of contemporary civilization, lasted 57 years. It ended on 10 November 1938 and the great leader passed to eternity.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is a great leader, achieving to make Turkey a member of contemporary civilization with all its institutions, has a special place in the history of humanities. The idea to build a mausoleum to reflect his greatness in every respect and to present his thoughts on principles, his reforms and modernization, was the common desire of the Turkish Nation in deepest grief of losing Atatürk.

II. RASATTEPE (ANITTEPE)

Before building of Anitkabir, Anittepe’s (Monument Hill ) name was Rasattepe (Observation Hill) because there was an observatory on this hill.

There were also tumuluses (graves) belonging to Phrygian civilization of 3rd Century BC on this hill. Archeological excavations took place to remove these tombs after the decision was given to build Anitkabir on Rasattepe. Remains found on these excavations are on display in the museum of Anatolian Civilizations.

III. CONSTRUCTION OF ANITKABIR

The first stage to start the construction was the expropriation of the land after deciding on the Anitkabir project. Actual construction of Anitkabir commenced on 9 October 1944 with a splendid ceremony by laying the first stone of the foundation. Construction of Anitkabir took nine years in four stages.

First stage of the Construction: 1944 - 1945
First stage construction, comprising the excavation and the construction of the retaining wall of Lions Road, started 9 October 1944 and completed in 1945.

Second Stage of the Construction: 1945 - 1950 Second stage construction, comprising the mausoleum and the auxiliary buildings surrounding the ceremonial ground, started on 29 September 1945 and completed on 8 August 1950. At this stage, due to the problems related to the mausoleum’s masonry and concrete structure foundations, some revisions had to be made. At the end of 1947 the excavation and insulation of the mausoleum foundation was completed and the steel reinforcements for the new 11 m. high concrete foundation, capable of resisting any kind of settlement of the ground, had come to near completion.

Entrance towers, most part of the road network, orchard installations, plantation works and main part of the irrigation systems were also completed at this stage.

Third Stage of the Construction: 1950

The third stage was comprising the construction of the roads leading to the mausoleum, Lions’ alley, ceremonial ground, the mausoleum’s upper-level stone pavement, grand stairs, putting the big tomb stone in its place and installation of electricity, plumbing and heating systems.

Fourth Stage of the Construction: 1950 - 1953

The fourth stage comprised the construction of the Hall of Honours pavement, vaults under side linings, and the Hall of Honour’s perimeter stone profiles and fringe decorations. The fourth stage had started on 20 November 1950 and completed on 1 September 1953.

The Anitkabir project originally had a vaulted ceiling above the mausoleum carried by the perimeter columns. On 4 December 1951 the Government inquired the architects of the possibility of shortening the time of construction by lowering the 28 m. high ceiling of the Hall of Honours.

After studying the subject, architects concluded that it was possible to cover the ceiling with a reinforced concrete slab instead of a stone vault. This change had reduced the weight of the ceiling and, therefore, certain risks were eliminated further.

Easy to process porous travertine with various colours was used on external cladding of the concrete surfaces and marble was used for the inside surfaces of the mausoleum.

White travertine that was used for sculpture groups, for lions figures and the mausoleum colons, is brought in from Pinarbasi town of Kayseri and white travertine used inside the towers is brought in from Polatli and Malikoy. Red and black travertine used for paving the ceremonial ground and floors of towers were brought in from Kayseri, Bogazköprü region and yellow travertine brought in from Cankiri, Eskipazar was used for building the Victory relief, Hall of Honours external walls and perimeter colons of the ceremonial ground.

Red, black and cream colour marbles used on the floor of the Hall of Honours were brought from Hatay, Adana and Canakkale, and for the internal walls, tiger-hide patterned marble from Afyon and green marble brought from Bilecik. Monolithic tomb stone weighing 40 tons was brought from Osmaniye, Adana and the white marble covering sides of the sarcophagus were from Afyon.

IV. ANITKABIR'S ARCHITECTURAL PROPERTIES

The period of the Turkish architecture, in between 1940 and 1950, is known as “The Era of Second National Architecture”. During this period mostly monumental, symmetry oriented, cut stone clad buildings had been built. Anitkabir carries the same characteristics of this era.

Besides those characteristics, Anitkabir also has Seljuk and Ottoman architectural characteristics and ornamentation features.

As in the example of external walls and eaves all around the towers are the Seljuk style borders, known as “saw teeth” in Seljuk cut stone art. Cut stone ornamentation, namely passion flower and ‘rosette’ used in some other parts of Anitkabir (Mehmetcik Tower, Museum Administration) can be found in Seljuk and Ottoman architecture as well. With all its qualities, Anitkabir is one of the finest examples of its era, covering approximately 750.000 square metres; it is divided into two parts as “Peace Park” and “Monument Block”

A- PEACE PARK

Inspired by Atatürk's famous phrase “Peace at home, peace in World”, Anitkabir rises above in ‘Peace Park’ formed with plants received from all over the world and the country.

Many plants and trees are brought in from Afghanistan, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, USA, United Kingdom and Yugoslavia. Today, in ‘Peace Park,’ there are 48.500 trees and ornamental plants of 104 different species and origins.

B- MONUMENT BLOCK

Anitkabir monument Block has three sections.

1- Lions Alley

2- Ceremonial Ground

3- Mausoleum

When entered from Tandogan Gate and by the road through the Peace Park you can reach at the 26 steps high ground stairs at the head of the Lions Alley. Independence and Freedom Towers are situated at both sides of this stair facing each other.

Within the Anitkabir site there are ten towers situated in a symmetrical arrangement. They are named to symbolize the great ideals that influenced the creation of our nation and the state. The towers are similar in terms of planning and structure. The towers are rectangular, close to a square, with 12x14x7.20 m. dimensions and have pyramidal roofs. Bronze arrow heads are placed at the top of the roofs as in the old Turkish traditional tent. Geometric ornamentations, inspired by the old Turkish kilim patterns, are superimposed in fresco technique.

Also inside walls of the towers contains a composition relevant to the name of the tower and inscription of Atatürk’s word.

1. INDEPENDENCE TOWER

The relief on the internal walls of the Independence Tower, situated at the right side of the Lions Alley, shows a young man standing and holding a sword with both hands and an eagle perched on a rock beside him. Eagle in mythology and in Seljuk art, is the symbol of Power and Independence. The youth holding a sword, represents the Turkish nation defending its independence. This relief is a work of Zühtü Müridoglu.

Also inscribed on the walls of the tower are Atatürk’s words about independence:

“When our nation seemed to cease to exist in a most horrible way, our ancestors’ voice, calling their children to fight against surrender, rose in our hearts and invoked the last Independence War.” (1921)

“Life means fight and struggle. Success in life is only possible with success in fight.” (1927)

“We are a nation asking for life and independence, and sacrifice our lives only and solely for this.” (1921)

“There is no principal of asking for justice and mercy. Turkish Nation and Turkey’s children of the future should never forget that for a moment.” (1927)

“This nation has not, cannot and will not live without independence. Either Independence or death.” (1919)

A model of Anitkabir and illuminated information panels about Anitkabir are in the tower.

2. FREEDOM TOWER

Inside the Freedom Tower, on the left side of the Lions Alley, a relief shows a figure of an angel holding a sheet of paper and a rearing horse next to it. An angel figure symbolizes the holiness of freedom and the sheet of paper symbolizes the “Declaration of Freedom”. The horse figure is the symbol of both freedom and independence. This relief is a work of Zühtü Müridoglu.

Inscribed on the tower walls are Atatürk’s words about freedom:

“Principle is, for Turkish Nation to live a respected and proud life. This principle can only be achieved by acquiring a complete Independence. No matter how wealthy or prosperous a nation is, without the independence, it is considered nothing more than a slave in civilized humanity.” (1927)

“To me, to have and to keep its honour, dignity and ethics continuously, a nation must always have its independence and freedom.”

“Freedom, equality, justice; all are based on national sovereignty.”

“In all our history, we are a symbol nation of freedom and independence.”

In the tower, there is a photograph exhibition about Anitkabir construction and a collection of stone samples used in the construction.

3. WOMEN STATUES GROUP

There is a group of three women’s statues with national dresses in front of the Independence Tower. Two women at the sides are holding a large wreath reaching to the ground. This wreath made up of grain sheaf represents our abundant country. The woman on the left with a cup in her stretched hand is asking God’s compassion for Atatürk, and the woman in the middle, covering her face with her hand, is crying.

This group represents the Turkish women’s pride, solemnity and determination, even in the deepest grief of losing Atatürk. This group of statues is a work of Hüseyin Ozkan.

4. MEN STATUES GROUP

This group of statues made up of three men, is situated in front of the Freedom Tower. The man at the right with helmet and greatcoat represents the Turkish soldier, next to it with a book in his hand, Turkish youth and intellectuals and just behind it, with local dress, Turkish peasants are represented. By the grievous expressions in the faces of all three statues, solemnity and power of will proper to Turkish Nation are expressed. This group of statues is a work of Hüseyin Ozkan.

5. LIONS ALLEY

This pedestrian alley designed to brace visitors for the Atatürk's great presence. It is 262 m. Long and have 24 lion statues in seating position at both sides. Those lion statues, made in old Anatolian civilization Hittite art style, for Atatürk gave great importance to Turkish and Anatolian history, are symbolizing the power and peace. Statues are made by Hüseyin Ozkan.

6. CEREMONIAL GROUND

At the end of the Lions Alley is the 129 m. long and 84.25 m. wide Ceremonial Ground. The capacity of this ground is for 15.000 people and its floor is decorated with 373 rugs and kilims patterns made of black, red, yellow and white travertine.

7. MEHMETCIK (Turkish Soldier) TOWER

Mehmetcik tower is situated on the right-hand side of the end of the Lions Alley. The relief on the exterior facade depicts Mehmetcik leaving home for the front. In this composition, a sad but proud mother holding her hand on the shoulder of her son and sending him to the war for country, is described. This relief is the work of Zühtü Müridoglu.

Inscribed on the walls are the aphorisms of Atatürk about Mehmetcik and Turkish women:

“Heroic Turkish Soldier, understanding the meaning of Anatolian wars fought for a new country.” (1921)

“Nowhere in this world, not in any nation, it is possible to mention women's struggle above Turkish Anatolian peasant women's struggle.”(1923)

“There is no appraisal for the sacrifices and heroism of this nation's children.” There is a book and gift shop in the tower selling books and gift articles to visitors about Anitkabir and Atatürk.

8. ATATURK AND TURKISH REVOLUTION LIBRARY

“Atatürk and Turkish Revolution Library” is located inside the same building where the Directorate of Museum, Library and Cultural Activities is. It is between the Mehmetcik and Victory towers. This library, specialized on the issues about Atatürk, National Struggle and Reforms, in Turkish and foreign languages, serves every scholar and reader on week days between 09:00-12:30/13:30-17:00 hours.

9. VICTORY TOWER

The dates of Atatürk’s most important three victories and his words about victories are inscribed on the walls of this tower. Inside the tower, the gun carriage, which carried Atatürk’s coffin from Dolmabahce Palace to Sarayburnu and handed over to the navy on 19 November 1938, is on display.

10. ISMET INONU’S SARCOPHAGUS

The symbolic sarcophagus of Ismet Inönü, Atatürk’s closest friend of arms, the Western Front commander of the Turkish National Struggle and the second President of Republic, is located in the colonnaded gallery between Peace and Victory towers. Grave room of Ismet Inönü who passed away on 25 December 1973 is on the lower floor. Ismet Inönü was buried in Anitkabir on 28 December 1973 by the decree of the Cabinet.

11. PEACE TOWER

A relief composition expressing Atatürk’s principal of “Peace at home, peace in the world” is inside the tower walls. In this relief, farming peasants and beside them, a soldier figure protecting them by holding out his sword, are depicted. This soldier symbolizes the Turkish Army, the strong and genuine keeper of the peace. Thus, people live their daily lives in peace, secured by the Turkish Army. The relief is a work of Nusret Suman.

Atatürk’s following words about peace are inscribed on the walls of the tower:

“World citizens must be educated to refrain themselves from jealousy, greed and hatred.”(1935)

“Peace at Home, Peace in the World”

“Unless the nation's life is in direct danger, war is a murderous crime.” (1923)

Inside the tower, Atatürk’s official and ceremonial Lincoln cars, used in between 1935-1938, are on display.

12. 23 APRIL TOWER

On the inside walls of the tower, is a relief depicting the opening of the Turkish Ground National Assembly on 23 April 1920. The woman standing in this relief is holding a paper in her hand with an inscription of the date 23 April 1920. The key in her other hand is symbolizing the opening of our National Assembly. The relief is the work of Hakki Atamulu.

Atatürk’s aphorisms about the opening of the assembly are on the walls of the tower.

“There was only one decision: It was to establish a new and unconditionally independent Turkish State based on national sovereignty.” (1919)

“The Turkish Grand National Assembly is the one and the only representative of the Turkish State.”

“Our opinion is that power, sovereignty and government must be directly given to the people and should be in the hands of the people.”

Atatürk’s Cadillac type private car used in between 1936 and 1938 is on display on this tower.

13. FLAG POST

In Anitkabir, the Turkish flag rises on this one-piece high post, situated in the middle of the 28 steps grand stair leading to the ceremonial ground at the direction of Cankaya District. Specially manufactured in the USA, this 33,53 m. high post is the highest single piece steel flag post in Europe. 4 m. section of the post is buried in its base. A US citizen with Turkish origin, living in the USA, Nazmi Cemal manufactured this post in his own flag post factory and presented to Anitkabir in 1946. In the relief at the base of the flag post, the torch symbolizes the Turkish civilization, the sword is the offensive power, helmet is defence power, the oak branch is the victory and the olive branch is the symbol of peace.

Turkish flag rises on the values of our nation like defence of the country, earning victories, keeping peace and founding civilizations. This relief is the work of Kenan Yontuc.

14. MISAK-I MILLI (The National Pact) TOWER

The tower is at the entry to the museum and the relief inside this tower symbolizes the binding in unity. The relief shows four hands joining on a sword hilt. This composition symbolizes the nation's oath to save the Turkish Country. The relief is the work of Nusret Suman

Atatürk’s following words about Misak-i Milli are inscribed on the walls:

“It is the nation's iron fist that writes nations’ oath which is the main principle of our independence to the annals of history.”(1923)

“We want free and independent life within our borders.” (1921)

“The nations without a national pride are prey of the other nations.” (1923)

There is a dais in the middle of the tower, for the delegations, participated in the ceremonies in Anitkabir, to sign the official memorial book. In this tower, which is also the entry to the museum, there are news panels containing the photographs of the important ceremonies taken place in Anitkabir.

15. ANITKABIR ATATURK MUSEUM

In accordance with the conditions of the Anitkabir project competition, the section between the Misak-i Milli and the Reforms towers is alloted for the museum. For this purpose, Anitkabir Atatürk Museum opened on 21 June 1960. Atatürk’s personal items, his wearing apparel and some of the gifts presented to him are on display in this museum.

Atatürk’s medals and decorations and some personal items donated to the museum by his adopted children A. Afet Inan, Rukiye Ergin and Sabiha Gökcen are also exhibited in the museum.

16. REFORMS TOWER

This tower is the extension of the museum and Atatürk’s garments are exhibited here. The relief inside the tower wall shows a weak hand holding the torch about to extinguish, symbolizing the Ottoman Empires down fall. Another but a strong hand raising a radiating torch to the skies, symbolizes the reforms with which the new Turkish Republic and Atatürk raised the Turkish Nation to the level of contemporary civilization. The relief is the work of Nusret Suman.

Atatürk’s words about reforms are inscribed in the walls of this tower:

“If a society does not walk on the same path for the common purpose together with its men and women technically and scientifically, it is not possible to go forward and become civilized.”

“Our inspirations are not from skies and unknown worlds but straight from the true life.”

Atatürk’s the life size wax statue, made by the ex-president of the Anadolu University Prof. Dr. Yilmaz Büyükersen is display in this tower which is also the garment section of the museum.

17. TOWER OF THE REPUBLIC

This tower is the entry to the art gallery and on its wall these aphorisms of Atatürk about the republic are written:

“The fact is, we gained our national sovereignty through action and handed it over to the people and undoubtedly proved that we can keep it in their hands, are our biggest strength and most trusted foundation.”

In the tower, the models of Monastir Military Senior High School building, where Atatürk graduated from, Sivas and Erzurum congress buildings and I. Turkish Grand National Assembly building and some photographs of that period are exhibited.

18. ART GALLERY

Atatürk’s private library is exhibited in this section situated between Republic and Defence of Rights Towers.

Oil paintings of Atatürk and visiting foreign statesmen, painted by the artist Rahmi Pehlivanli are on the walls.

There is also a cinema section in the gallery where documentary films are shown about Atatürk, National Struggle and Anitkabir.

19. DEFENCE OF RIGHTS TOWER

The principle of Defence of Rights (Mudafaa-I Hukuk), the foundation of National Solidarity during the Independence War, is symbolized by the relief on the external wall of this tower. A male figure, holding a sword in his one hand, and extending the other towards the enemy crossing our borders in a manner saying “Hold”, is depicted in this relief. The great tree under the extended hand symbolizes our country, and the male figure protecting it, is the nation united for the purpose of independence. The relief is the work of Nusret Suman.

Atatürk’s following words about Defence of Rights are inscribed on the walls of the tower:

“The principal is, to keep the national power active and to render the will of national sovereignty.” (1919)

“From now on the nation will control its life, its independence and its existence.” (1923)

“History can never deny a nation's blood, rights and existence.”(1919)

“It had become clear that the Independence was the most evident desire and faith of the nation, emerging from their heart and conscience.”(1927) Periodic exhibitions on the subject of “Atatürk and the National Struggle” take place in this tower. A model of War Academy, where Atatürk was graduated from, is also in this tower.

20. THE RELIEF ABOUT THE PITCH BATTLE OF SAKARYA

There are a youth, two horses, a woman and a man on the right side of this composition. They are the ones who left their homes in the face of the attacking enemy at the start of the war and set up for the defence of the country. The young man on the right, turning back to the enemy with left arm raised fist clenched, and says, “One day we shall return and take our revenge.”

In front of this trio there is a carriage stuck in the mud, struggling horses, one man and two women trying to turn the wheel and a woman kneeling down and presenting a sword to a standing warrior. This group of figures depicts the times before the Battle of Sakarya. On the left side of this group, there are two women and a child sitting on the ground symbolizing the people under enemy occupation and waiting for the Turkish army. Above these people a victory angel is presenting a wreath to Mustafa Kemal.

At the end of the composition the woman sitting on the ground symbolizes the mother land, kneeling down young man the victorious Turkish Army of the Battle of Sakarya and the oak tree, the victory. The mother land points out the oak tree, the symbol of the Turkish Army’s victory. The relief is the work of Ilhan Koman.

21. THE RELIEF ABOUT THE BATTLE OF COMMANDER - IN - CHIEF

The group on the left side of the composition made up of a peasant woman, a young boy and a horse symbolizes the period of preparations for the war as a nation. In the next section, Atatürk stretching one arm and saying, “Armies, your first target is the Mediterranean, march!” The angel in front, with her bugle, sends Atatürk’s order to distant horizons. In the next section of the relief which symbolizes the sacrifices and heroism of the Turkish Army, depicts scenes of a fierce battle, falling soldier passing on the flag to another warrior and soldiers in the trenches all symbolize the charge of the Turkish Army. Ahead is the victory angel, calling for the Turkish Army by holding the Turkish flag in one hand. The relief is the work of Zühtü Müridoglu.

22. MAUSOLEUM

The most prominent part of Anitkabir is the mausoleum. The dais for the speakers is positioned in the centre of the 42 steps ground stairs leading up to the mausoleum. In front of this marble dais, which is facing the ceremonial ground and decorated with circular geometric patterns, Atatürk’s words “Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the nation” are inscribed? The dais is work of Kenan Yontuc.

The mausoleum with the dimensions 75 x 52 x 17 m. has a rectangular plan and surrounded by 8 columns at the front and near facades, and 14 columns at the sides, each one is 14.40 m. high. On the left, Atatürk’s address to Turkish Youth and on the right of the mausoleum facade, the speech he made on the occasion of 10th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic, are inscribed. The stone relief letters are in gold gilding.

23. HALL OF HONOURS

Bronze doors open into the Hall of Honours. Atatürk’s last message to the Turkish Army on 29 October 1938, is at the right of the entrance. The second President Ismet Inönü’s letter of condolence to the Turkish people dated 21 November 1938, after the death of Atatürk, is placed at the left side of the entrance. These two inscriptions are written on the walls in 1981, on the occasion of Atatürk’s centennial birthday.

Atatürk’s symbolic tomb is right across the entry and is in a niche with a large window at the rear. The tomb stone is a monolithic red marble weighing 40 tons. The raised platform, where the tomb stone is placed on, is white marble from Afyon. The floor of the Hall of Honours is paved by marbles from Adana and Hatay and the walls were clad with marbles from Afyon and Bilecik in red, black and green colours and tiger hide patterns.

The ceilings of the Hall of Honours and the side galleries are decorated with mosaics. There are 12 bronze torches equally divided on the side walls of the Hall of Honours. The ceiling of this hall has 27 beams and it is 17 m. high. The flat roof of the mausoleum is covered by lead.

24. THE GRAVE ROOM
Atatürk’s honoured corpse is buried in the earth in the ground floor of the mausoleum. The grave room is situated right under the symbolic tomb stone placed in the first floor of the mausoleum. It has an octagonal plan in Seljuk and Ottoman architectural style, and its pyramidal ceiling is decorated with mosaics in geometrical patterns. Floor and walls are paved and clad with red, black and white marbles. In the middle of the grave room is the marble sarcophagus positioned towards the south, in direction of Mecca. The brass cups containing the soils from all provinces and from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus are placed around the marble sarcophagus.

Ankara - Atatürk's Residence Museum Pavilion

Who would have thought that this vineyard house, built at the end of 1800’s in the village of Cankaya in Ankara, would be the witness of the history by being the residence of a worldwide known leader who would change the faith of his nation?

From the day he arrived in Ankara on 27 December 1919, until 1921 Atatürk first resided in the School of Agriculture and than after being elected as the President of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, resided in the stone building near the Central Station. In June 1921 he moved to this vineyard pavilion. Today you can see the inscription at the entrance of this house where Atatürk lived most of his 56 years of life-span:

“This is an old vineyard house. It was bought by Bulgurluzade Mehmet and Rifat Beys of Ankara and, in 1921, presented to Atatürk under the leadership of Ankara Müfti Hodja Rifat Börekci in the name of Ankara people. Atatürk accepted this present in the condition that it was to be transferred to the Army and named “Army Pavilion”. Originally two-storey building has a marble pool in the ground floor ante hall. After a minor refurbishment Atatürk moved to this house in June 1921 from the Ankara Station building where he was residing.

In 1924 additions and restorations made by architect Mehmet Vedat Bey brings the building to its present state.
These additions are the glazed entrance in the front, a longitudinal office and a new kitchen at the back, and the tower at the side. This building, used as the first Presidential Palace of the Turkish Republic until the new Presidential Palace built in June 1932. This building, which has an important place in the history of the Republic, is preserved in its original state with all its furnishings.

When you put your feet onto the entrance courtyard of this modest house, which later on restored to a pavilion and furnished with a good taste and comfort but still away from the splendour of grand palaces, you will find yourself in the 1920’s.

While your mind and feelings try to adjust themselves to this sudden trip in history, your body will reach to the hall. And, from than on, you will start to live in the past. You will see the traces of Atatürk on the furniture, in every corner, and will be seized with a feeling expecting that he will suddenly come out from one of the doors. With an excitement of feeling like living in those days, the whole building will settle in your brain. It is important to mention that the pool table at the entrance hall, which Atatürk played during his residence in this villa, used to be in the hall at the top floor. But it was moved to the ground floor with a worry that, being a very heavy table, it might collapse the floor of this old building.

Right across the hall the Dining Room door, at the right side of the hall the door of the Green Room and on the left side the door of the Envoys Reception Room and the stairs going to the top floor will invite you to know this Museum Pavilion. In the hall you will see the piano and the seating group. On the walls two paintings and the photographs of Atatürk, taken in various dates, are hanged. The middle door of the hall, which has three entrances, is closed and the pool closet is placed in front of it. The beauty of the kilim drapery covering that door will draw attention. All these years have never changed the elegance of the drapery.

In the Envoy Reception Room at the left side of the hall, a lounge room suite, presented to Atatürk by the Khedive of Egypt, Abbas Hilmi Pasha, and very much loved by him, consist of three armchairs, a settee, a study desk and a closet, all with nacre work, can be seen.

When you enter to this room, you will have a feeling covering your consciousness that you are in the presence of Atatürk. Some photographs on the walls with nacre-work frames and the photograph on the study desk virtually will draw the person towards them. On the photograph you will read this handwritten note: “21 September 1935 - From Istanbul to Ankara, in the railway car”.The Green Room that is across the Envoy Reception Room, with its lounge room suits, glass cabinet and photographs, is the reception and lounge room. It also has an opening to the dining room.

The dinners given by Atatürk in Cankaya are very well known. When you enter to the dining room you may feel yourself like an early arrived guest. The first thing that will catch the eye in that room with the furniture unique of its time is the fireplace right across the door opening to the hall with engraved woodwork covering both sides and the chimney and the windows with stained glass at both sides of the fireplace. There is also a breakfast table for four, and a poker table near by the entrance of the Green Room.

Two glass cabinets, a sideboard, a console table, two phonographs and two large earthenware vases are placed harmoniously within the room and around the fireplace. The sets placed in the glass cabinets and in the sideboard are just like ready for use. In the middle of the room right in front of the settee a large silver brazier gives a different image to the room.

In the hall, above the Dining Room door, a painting of Hüseyin Avni Lifis dated 1922 and above the Green Room door, the “Crying Woman” painting of the same painter signed with arabic letters, will suddenly catch your eyes.

The dirge sang to martyr, whose belongings are the only things returned from the front, will reverberate in your ears. When you exit from the dining room, the stairs just at the right side of the door will take you to the private moments of Atatürk’s life.

On the top floor there are six doors opening to the hall. One is the door that enters to the hall from the stairs. The one at the left, the bedroom door; the one at the right is the rest room door; the door looking towards the front is the balcony door and the one right across is the library door. An oval table (where the pool table was before), a couch, two armchairs and two glass cabinets are placed in the middle of the hall. There is a big brazier placed in front of the balcony door. In one of the cabinets the medals of Atatürk and the National Assembly membership certificate; in the other the first sets of Atatürk postage stamps are displayed.

The rest room, which also has a door opening to the stair hall, is a small modest bedroom for a single person. A divan, an armchair, a small desk, a wardrobe and two hassocks are in the room. A wall clock, a painting and photographs of Atatürk and Fethi Okyar, decorates this room. It is rumoured that Atatürk loved this room very much.

Both doors across the rest room open to the library. When you enter to the library from the right, you can almost feel that Atatürk is sitting on the study desk. Perhaps, Atatürk has formed most of his ideas while sitting on this desk. He started to write the “The Great Speech” in this library.
The books in the library are the important evidences of how Atatürk has broadened his horizon and formed his cultural structure. It is possible to see how he had taken notes in the pages, and underlined some sentences.

You can pass to the tower room from the rear end of the library, where a section furnished like part of the library with some more bookshelves, a round table with four chairs and an armchair in the corner with a floor lamp and this section also has a door opening to the bedroom. In the tower room, which the dark colours dominate, again a study desk, armchairs and a bear hide, a present of Muhtar Bey, the Ambassador for Moscow, can be seen.
Now your steps convoy you to the last section, the most private space of a man; the bedroom. The bedroom also, as any other sections of the pavilion, is decorated simply and with a good taste. The bed of Atatürk is kept with his pillow, quilt and bedspread as it was on those days. His slippers at the side of the bed give a feeling that the owner will just come in to the room and wear them. One of the two dressing tables is placed next to the bathroom. The toilet articles on the dressing table are known that they belong to his wife Latife Hanim. The only evidences of Latife Hanim in the pavilion, during Atatürk's marriage to her between the dates 9 January 1923 and 5 August 1925, are these toilet articles.

In the bedroom besides a wardrobe, an armchair and a small round table with chairs, the youth photograph of Zübeyde Hanim hanged on the fireplace attract attention. The bathroom was made of the best material available in those days. Besides the inlaid bathtub a door opens to a stair hall. Your tour within the residence of Atatürk ends with the bathroom. When you go down from the stairs and go out of the pavilion, your eyes will meet what Atatürk calls “my greatest work” with the modern Capital of the Republic, Ankara.

Address: Presidential Palace Garden, Cankaya, Ankara

Telephone: +90 (312) 427 43 30 ext. 317

Ankara - Independence War Museum (1stTurkish Grand National Assembly Building)

History of the Building

The building is located in Ulus Square, Ankara. Initially it was planned as the Committee of Union and Progress Party building and designed by the pious foundation's architect Salim Bey and the construction, which started in 1915, was supervised by the Army Corps architect Hasip Bey.

The two-storey building is in Turkish architectural style and its most prominent characteristic is the use of Ankara stone (andesite) in its masonry walls.
When the decision was given to gather the National Assembly in this building on 23 April 1920, the construction was not yet complete. It was completed as a result of the enthusiasm and contributions of the people.

The building functioned as the I. Turkish Grand National Assembly between 23 April 1920 and 15 October 1924. Later, it was used as People's Republican Party headquarters and Law School. In 1952 it was transferred to the Ministry of Education and restoration works started in 1957 to convert the building for a museum. It was opened to public as the Turkish Grand National Assembly Museum in 23 April 1961.

In the beginning of 1981, the new restoration and refurbishment work started by the Antiquities and Museums General Directorate of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism within the programme of Atatürk's centenary birth celebrations. The building reopened to the public as the Independence War Museum on 23 April 1981.

Opening of the I. Turkish Grand National Assembly

Crowds of thousands of people gathered around the building for the opening of Assembly on 23 April 1920. After the ceremonies the Assembly had its first meeting with 115 representatives. The first speech was made by the President of the Assembly, elected for being the oldest member, Sinop representative Serif Bey.

“Honourable members of the Assembly,
It is well known that the Capitol of Caliphate and the Government has been occupied in temporary terms by the enemy forces and our independence has been restricted in every respect. Submission to these conditions means acceptance of captivity imposed by the foreign powers. However, eternally free and an independent nation of ours, determined to exist in absolute independence, rejected this captivity with final determination and by gathering its representatives, brought into being this Grand Assembly of ours. In the name of the speaker of the Grand Assembly and by the help of God, I declare the principals of absolute independence and self determination of the nation to the whole world and open the National Assembly.”

After this opening speech, Ankara representative Mustafa Kemal had his turn to speak and explained the method implemented for the election of members to form the assembly:

“As you all know, our Grand Assembly is constituted by the re-elected honourable members charged with extraordinary powers and honourable members fleeing from the Government Capital which was attacked and occupied. The constitution of this Grand Assembly was made possible only by the new election system, which included those who were able to flee from the capital and join us. Presently your Assembly is meeting with all legalities.”
The second session of the Assembly held on 24 April 1920 and Mustafa Kemal unanimously elected as the President of the Assembly.
Mustafa Kemal made a lengthy and significant speech in this meeting. Saying, “There is no power above this Grand Assembly anymore...” indicated the importance of this Assembly.

Independence War concluded by the successful leadership of Gazi Mustafa Kemal and the decisions taken in the First Turkish Grand National Assembly. Among those decisions are, approval of the First Constitution on 20 January 1921, approval of the National Anthem on 12 March 1921 and abolishing of Sultanate on 1 November 1922. Approval of Lausanne Peace Treaty on 24 July 1923, establishing Ankara as the Capital City of the Turkish Republic on 13 October 1923, Declaration of Republic and the election of Gazi Mustafa Kemal as the First President of the Republic on 29 October 1923, are also taken place in this Assembly.

In one of his speeches, Atatürk saying, “The Grand National Assembly is the living symbol of the Turkish Nation's century’s old search for self determination and consciousness...” pointed the significance of the Grand National Assembly.

Sections of the Building

Corridor

On the left side of the corridor and in the rooms opening to it, the events between the years 1918 - 1923 are recounted in chronological order by oil paintings, photographs, documents, various items, and models of war weapons, tools and equipments.
On the right side of the corridor and in the rooms opening to it, work of the Assembly sessions, photographs of representatives from the first and the second term of the Assembly, oil paintings, documents, memorials and various items are displayed.

Presidential Board - Cabinet Room

The first room on the left side of the corridor. This room had been used as the Cabinet Room and as well as the Presidential Board room. The President’s pulpit used in Sivas Congress,the cabinet table and chairs, and photographs of the members of the First Cabinet after the declaration of the Republic are in display in this room. Original appearance and arrangement of the room is preserved.

Committee Room

The second room on the left side of the corridor. The room used as the Committee Room to study and investigate various subjects related to the issues at hand in the Assembly. In this room, the facts about Moudros Armistice Agreement, Mustafa Kemal’s arrival in Samsun, Amasya Circular, Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, and the National Pact are introduced by documents, photographs and various items. The most valued item on display in this room is the seal used in Erzurum Congress.

Lounge Room (Lobby)

The third room on the left side of the corridor was used as the Assembly Lobby. There is an oil paint depicting Mustafa Kemal's arrival in Ankara. Opening of the Assembly, terms of Sevres and Lausanne Agreements in relation to Turkey, and I. And II. Battles of Inönü are introduced by photographs, documents and maps. Also the telephone switchboard used during the Independence War, some weapons and other various items and a silver cutlery set presented to Kazim Karabekir Pasha at the Gümrü Agreement Ceremony are on display in this room.

Legislative Committee Room

The fourth room on the left side of the corridor.The Committees investigated the accordance of the bills with the Constitution in this room. The Great Offensive, the last stage of the Independence War, is introduced by photographs, documents and maps. Also there are, a rug symbolizing the National Pact, Independence War, medals and an oil painting depicting Gazi Mustafa Kemal and his friends on the balcony of the Assembly Building.

Administration Room

The fifth room on the left side of the corridor used as the administrative office National Anthem, the photographs of the commanders who took part in the Independence War, documents of Mudanya Armistice and Lausanne Agreement, establishing Ankara as the Capital City, declaration of Republic, Mustafa Kemal’s first speech in the Assembly after elected as the President of the Republic and his photograph on this occasion. Mustafa Kemal’s cane, Mauser rifle, seals, field glasses he used in the Independence War, samples of uniforms, the flag hoisted onto the Grand National Assembly on 23 April 1920 with Recep Peker’s signature and a cloth with inscriptions presented to the Grand National Assembly by the Women’s Charity Society, are introduced and displayed in this room.

Administration Rooms

The fifth and the sixth room on the right side of the corridor were both used as the Administrative rooms of the Assembly. Again today the sixth room is used as the Administrative Office of the Museum. In the fifth room, photographs and identity cards of the first and second term members of the Assembly, Mauser rifles given to the members by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Independence War Medals, badges, documents and personal souvenirs are on display.

Grand Assembly Hall

The Assembly Hall is located on the right side of the corridor. The original configuration is preserved in this hall. In the middle the Assembly President’s and the Chair Councils pulpit is located, and behind it the inscription in the old alphabet says, “Sovereignty belongs to the Nation.” Cabinet members sit across the pulpit, side rows belongs to representatives, the diplomatic corps sit on the right side mezzanine while the audiences sit on the left side mezzanine. Space under the side of the mezzanine is alloted to local and foreign press agents and staff.
The pulpit used when the Assembly gathered on 23 April 1920 in this hall, was made and presented by a carpenter of Ankara, rows were taken from the Ankara Teachers’ Schools’ classes, the two kerosene lamps and the stoves were taken from the neighbouring coffee houses, office materials were brought from the government offices. The foundation of the first Assembly building, based on Sovereignty of the Nation was laid down in this building with the aid of its people.
Masjid
The first room on the right of the Museum entrance. In this simply decorated room some prayer rugs and Koran Rahle’s (low reading book rest) are on display.

The Assembly President’s Room
The second room on the right and also the study room of Mustafa Kemal in the Assembly Building. The original state of the room is preserved and displayed as it is.

Many important decisions were taken in this simply decorated room. The Presidential seal, which is put on display on the occasion of National Days time to time, is the most important and distinguished piece of this museum.

Basement Floor
This floor is presently being used as the exhibition gallery, for storage and as the photograph laboratory.

Ankara -2nd Turkish Grand National Assembly Republican Museum

The building, designed by architect Vedat Tek (1873-1942) and built as the Republican’s People Party Headquarters in 1923, was later converted to function as the Assembly building. Two-storey building has also a basement floor. Centrally located two-storey high main assembly hall is surrounded by rooms on three sides. The main entrance hall which stretches all along the entry facade, has two grand stairs at opposite ends and its ceiling is decorated with Seljuk and Ottoman ornaments and patterns. The main assembly hall, with audience boxes arranged in sections within, is also decorated in a similar style. Its star patterned timber ceiling, arcs, cornices and many sections with mosaic decorations, except the crown door and a few other items which are included into the main hall afterwards, reflect the architectural characteristics of its time.

I. Turkish Grand National Assembly building, in spite of some alterations made later, was inadequate to satisfy the growing needs of the Assembly of the Turkish Republic. That is why the II. Turkish Grand National Assembly was built and opened on 18 October 1924.

II. Turkish Grand National Assembly is an important building in which Atatürk’s principals and reforms came to life, the most important decisions taken on the way to develop the new Republic by contemporary legislation, also where the international treaties and agreements made to increase Turkey's prestige and activities in the international arena and transition to multiple party system taken place between 1924 - 1960. II. Turkish Grand National Assembly played an important role in Turkish political history for a period of 36 years until 27 May 1960. After moving the Assembly to its new modern building in 1961, the building was allotted to the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). The building functioned as the headquarters of CENTO between the years 1961 and 1979 and after the abolishing of CENTO in the same year, it was transferred to the Ministry of Culture. The decision was made to arrange the front section of the building as Museum of Republic and the rear section as the administration building for the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums. The museum section, after refurbishment and restorations, opened to public exhibition on 30 October 1981 as “Museum of Republic”. It functioned with this arrangement until 1985. This same year it was closed to public and new restoration works started. The works continued until 1991 and in January 1992 the museum reopened to public. The events comprising the era of the first three presidents of the Republic are presented by their own words, speeches, photos and personal items and also the decisions taken and the laws passed by the Grand Assembly during the same period are on display in this museum.

Sections of the Museum

First Room on the Right Side of the Corridor

This room,originally the Accountancy Room of the II. Turkish Grand National Assembly today is called “Atatürk's Principals Room”. Atatürk’s Republicanist, Nationalist, Populist, Statist, Secularist and Reformist principals are presented by his own words and photos through illuminated panels in this room. Second Room on the Right Side of the Corridor Originally the prayers room of the II. Turkish Grand National Assembly today is “Atatürk’s Reforms Room”. The Constitution, establishment of new laws, dress and attire reforms, international calendar, time and measurements, new Turkish Alphabet, surname law, Great Speech, 10th Year Speech, Turkish Aviation Society; railways, economy, industry and events related to Atatürk’s reforms, legislation proposals, laws, newspaper clips, Atatürk’s words and photos, items related to above subjects are exhibited in this room through illuminated panels and showcases. Third Room on the Right Side of the Entrance Originally used as “Legal Proceedings Secretariat” room during the Second Turkish Grand National Assembly, is today “Atatürk Room.” Atatürk's signatures and handwritings of his own words and speeches, abolishing of religious orders and cells, establishment of the Turkish Historical and Turkish Language Societies, foreign policy, Montreux Agreement of Turkish Straits, agriculture, archeology and fine arts, granting the Turkish women’s sufferance and the events about Atatürk’s death, are presented by illuminated panels and showcases. Atatürk’s some personal belongings are also displayed in this room.

First Room on the Left Side of the Entrance

During the Second Turkish Grand National Assembly this room was used as “Legislation Secretariat Room.” Today in this room,III. President of the Republic Mahmut Celal Bayar's life and events between 1950 and 1960 are presented by his own words and photographs. Some of his personal belongings, donated to the museum by his family, are also displayed in this room.

Second Room on the Left Side of the Entrance
Originally it used as “Board of Directors Room” or “Administrative Committee Room” during the Second Turkish Grand National Assembly period. Today it is being used to display banknotes and coins, stamps, memorial coins and medals which put into circulation since the founding of the Republic.

Third Room on the Left Side of the Entrance
Originally it used as “Archives Secretariat Room” during the Second Turkish Grand National Assembly period. Today it is being used to display the 2nd President of the Republic, Ismet Inönü's life and events between 1938 and 1950 by his own words and photographs. Some of his personal belongings, donated to the museum by his family, are also on display in this room.

Main Assembly Hall

The General Assembly Hall of the Second Turkish Grand National Assembly period has a very important place in the history of the Turkish Republic. From the very first days of the Republic, this hall had been the centre stage of all the speeches, decisions taken to materialize the great enterprises of the nation. Assembly’s presidential pulpit is located at the centre between the main entries of the hall are for the Ambassadors’ lodges and the Honourable Presidential lodge is on the left side and the audience and press boxes are at the back of the hall. In this hall there are times when that the number of members of parliaments had been up to 610, between 1924 -1960.

In order to achieve the present days modern museum exhibition, and for the better education of the visitors, live presentation techniques are used, the natural environment preserved and wax statues are made for this purpose. Atatürk’s Great Speech given on 15 - 20 October 1927, the most important document and the source of the history of the Turkish Republic, starting from the Independence War, is being presented in this hall. Important passages of the speech are also narrated by the actors of the State Theatre to support the live presentation.
The Great Speech is the most important source of our political and military history, and also the most mature and beautiful example of Turkish oratory art.
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This Speech is a first hand account of Rebirth of the Nation, Independence War and the first years of the Republic (1919 - 1927) based on documents and sources in great detail.

Love of the Nation, respects to the humanity and understanding of morality are the basics of this speech. Atatürk says “The day I arrived in Samsun in May 1919, I had no power in my hands, only highest spiritual power filling my conscience stemmed from the nobility of the Turkish Nation. Trusting only to this power and to the Turkish Nation I started this noble mission.”

This building was converted to a museum after being transferred to the Ministry of Culture which functioned as the Turkish Grand National Assembly until 1960. Today in this museum, besides the routine exhibitions, occasional exhibitions, video shows and serial conferences take place in order to introduce the Independence War, the Republic and Atatürk to the visitors, especially to the young generation.

Second Floor of the Museum
During the II. Turkish Grand National Assembly second floor rooms were Presidential Room, Presidential Reception Room where the President received the foreign and Turkish statesmen, President’s Private Secretary’s Room, Prime Minister and Cabinet Rooms, Assembly Chairman’s Room, Assembly Chairman's Private Secretary's Room and Committee Room. However, the functions of the rooms had been altered time to time according to the changing conditions.

Address: Cumhuriyet Avenue, Ulus / Ankara

Telephone: +90 (312) 311 04 73

Ankara - Ethnographical Museum

This museum is built on a hill known as Muslim Cemetery at the Namazgah District of Ankara. The site was allotted to the Ministry of Education by the General Directorate of Foundations on 15 November 1925 for the purpose of building a museum.

For the revolutionaries, the participants of the Independence War, preserving the material and spiritual heritage of the Turkish culture, and the necessity to build an ethnographical museum was an important issue. For that matter, the Minister of Education Hamdullah Suphi Tanriöver asked one of the directors of the Budapest Ethnographical Museum and his old time turcologist colleague J. Meszaros for his expertise on establishing such a museum and offered him the job. The fact we know from a report submitted to the Ministry on 29 November 1924 by Prof. Meszaros. Therefore, first in 1924 under the leadership of Prof. Celal Esad (Arseven) in Istanbul and later in 1925 under Halil Ethem (Erdem), the director of Istanbul Museum, a special committee was formed for the preparations of establishing a Folks Museum and for the collection and purchasing of the necessary art works. Later in 1927, after the completion of the building, these 1250 purchased items put on display in this museum. First director of the museum was Hamit Zübeyr Kosar.

Gazi Mustafa Kemal, after visiting and having been informed about the museum on 15 April 1928, ordered the opening of the museum on the occasion of Afghan King Amanullah Han’s official visit to Turkey. The museum opened to public on 18 July 1930 and remained open until the inner court was converted to a temporary grave for Atatürk. Atatürk's coffin stayed in this court until it was transferred to Anitkabir in 1953. This section of the museum is still preserved as a symbolic mausoleum in memory of Atatürk with an inscription on a white marble plate, saying:

“This is the place where Atatürk rested in peace between 21 November 1938 and 10 November 1953 after his death on 10 November 1938.”


For 15 years the Ethnographical Museum functioned as a mausoleum where all heads of states, ambassadors, foreign envoys and people visited Atatürk with respect. During this time improvement works continued in the museum and completed, on the occasion of the International Week of Museums 6-14 November 1956, opened again to public exhibition.

The architect of the building Arif Hikmet (Koyunoglu) is one of the most valued architects of the Republican period.

The building has a rectangular plan and one central dome. Its masonry walls are plated with küfeki stone mand marble coronets have carved decorations.
Grand stairs to the building have 28 risers. Triple entry has four columns outside and inside is the domed hall. You can also enter the colonnaded inner court from this hall. The inner court had a marble pool with an open roof. Later, when it was converted as a temporary grave for Atatürk, the pool was relocated into the garden and the inner court was enclosed with a roof. In a symmetrical way the inner court is surrounded with various sizes of display halls. Two-storey administration section is adjacent to the museum.

The bronze statue of Atatürk mounted on a horse in front of the museum, made by the Italian artist P. Conanica, had been ordered by the National Education Ministry in 1927.

Turkish Art works from Seljuk period to present are on display in the Ethnographical Museum.
Displayed folk attires, ornaments, clogs and shoe examples, local Sivas women’s and men’s socks, purses, embroideries, embroidered kerchiefs, belts, napkins, bundles, quilts, brides wedding dresses, bridegrooms shaving sets are all good samples of traditional Turkish (Folk) art works collected from every corner of Anatolia.

There is a rich collection of kilims and rugs woven in local workshops from Bergama, Kula, Milas, Ladik, Karaman, Nigde and Kirsehir, all with peculiar technics, materials and styles.

Many good samples of Anatolian ironmongery art work, such as 15th Century Memluk cauldrons, Ottoman sherbet cauldrons, brass and copper bowls, ewers, jugs and coffee trays, jugs, cups, dishes and candle holders are also on display.

Ottoman period bows, arrows, flint pistols and rifles, swords, yataghans, Turkish china and Kütahya porcelains, articles related to Sufis and other dervish orders and good examples of Turkish calligraphy art are all displayed in the museum.

Seljuk Sultan III. Keyhüsrev’s throne (12th Century), Ahi Serafettin’s Sarcophagus (14th Century), the altar of Tashur Pasha Mosque from Damsa village, Ürgüp, Nevsehir (12th Century), the pulpit of Siirt Ulu Mosque (12th Century), and the crown door of Merzifon Celebi Sultan Medresseh (15th Century) are the most beautiful examples of Turkish woodwork and important items displayed in the museum.
The collection, donated to the museum by VII. term member of the Turkish National Grand Assembly Besim Atalay contains Turkish art works belonging to various periods.

The museum’s specialized library compiles works, related to Anatolian ethnography, folk art and history of fine arts.

Address: Talatpasa Bulvari, Opera / Ankara

Telephone: +90 (312) 311 95 56

Ankara - Atatürk Culture Centre Republican Period Museum

The museum opened to the public on 27 December 1987. The walls of the museum, which is located on the ground floor of the building, are decorated with relief depicting Independence War and Atatürk’s words about Republic, Independence, Youth and Arts. The relief are illuminated in separate sections and with the accompaniment of music and sound, “light and sound” shows are performed in the museum.

These shows are in Turkish, English, French and German and take approximately 15 minutes for each language. At the lower ground floor, Independence War, Republic and development of the new Turkish State and her Institutions are being introduced by about 445 items made up of pictures, objects, writings, models and slides. Also at this floor there is a multi visual show for the spectators presenting Turkish History, starting from Central Asia to Anatolia, the Independence War, founding of a new State and Atatürk’s reforms. This show takes 25 minutes.

Ankara - Alagöz Headquarters Museum

During the Battle of Sakarya, the enemy advanced into the vicinity of Polatli (70km. from Ankara), thereupon Western Front Command selected Alagöz Village, between Ankara and Polatli, to be the Headquarters location. A farmhouse belonging to Türkoglu Ali Aga from the same village was used as the Headquarters building.

After the Battle of Sakarya the building continued to be used as a farmhouse by its owners Ali Türkoglu and his sons until 1965. In 1965 this farmhouse was donated and handed over to the Ministry of Education by its inheritors. In 1967 the building was again transferred to Anitkabir Museum Directorate of Historic Sites and Monuments General Directorate, and after being restored became a museum.
On 10 November 1968, only the upper floor being restored, opened to public display and the ground floor rooms after further refurbishment opened to public in 1983.

The building has two floors and contains 12 rooms as Dressing Room, Library, Souvenirs Room, Officers Mess, Kitchen, Communications Room, Commander - in - Chief’s Room, Staff Room, Lounge Room, Adjutant’s room, Atatürk’s Bedroom, Atatürk’s Dining Room and Orderly’s Room.

Afyon - Historic National Parks Directorate Victory Museum

Museum The museum is in Afyonkarahisar City Centre, situated at a prime location across Afyonkarahisar Fort and Victory Monument. This two-storey building was built by Saitoglu Mehmet Sait Efendi in pre-Republican period between 1915 and 1920.

It carries the general characteristics of Neoclassical architecture. Its planning is a traditional Anatolian house (a large anteroom with rooms at perimeter opening to the centre). It was used as the Afyon Municipal Council building until the new Council building built in 1930. After the construction of the present Council building, it was allotted to the Police Department. In 1985, by the National Estates Department, it was transferred to the Historic National Parks Directorate to be used as Victory Museum. The Directorate officially took over the building on 11 September 1986 and the Directorate moved into the building in 1992.

Reconstruction and refurbishment of the building are still underway. The building has a very important place in the history of the National Struggle of life and death in the period of 1919 - 1922. Right after the liberation of Afyonkarahisar on 27 August 1922, Commander - in - Chief Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Western Front Commander Ismet Pasha, Chief of General Staff Fevzi Cakmak Pasha and Western Front Chief of Operations Tevfik (Biyikoglu) Pasha stayed in and used the building as the Headquarters.

Afyon - Dumlupınar Museum

The museum is in Dumlupinar County Centre, 59 Km. Northwest of Afyonkarahisar.

Its construction started in 1990, completed at the end of 1996 and the museum officially opened during the Victory Week in 1997. This two-storey building is located at the same site with the Dumlupinar Monument.

Address:Kurtulus Avenue, Afyon

Telephone:+90 (272) 215 11 91

Adana - Atatürk Museum

The museum building is one of the traditional Adana houses on Seyhan Avenue, built in 19th Century. A two-storey structure built of brick and stone with bay windows and pitch roof. Because of its peculiar characteristics, it is classified as “Cultural Real Estate under Conservation” by the Ministry and preserved in its original state. When Atatürk and his wife visited Adana on 15 March 1923 they stayed in this house which belonged to Suphi Pasha of Ramazanogullari at the time. The building was expropriated and restored by the “Atatürk Scientific and Cultural Conservation and Revival Society” and under the guidance of Army Corps commander Bedrettin Demirel and by the people’s help and donations, opened to public as a museum in 1981 under the administration of Directorate of Museums.

Atatürk’s visit to Adana is officially celebrated every year on the 15th March in this building.

Ground Floor

Study Room: The newspapers “Yeni Adana”, “Türk Sözü”, “Cukurova” and Dirlik which were published during and after the Independence War, are displayed in this section.

Library: Nearly two thousand books, written in Ottoman (Arabic alphabet) and Turkish (Latin alphabet) are on display. Most of the books are obtained by donations.

Upper Floor

Anteroom: Atatürk’s wax statue was made by retired officer Nevzat Duruak and is exhibited in this room.

Bedroom: Atatürk’s brass bedstead, silver threaded quilt and table cloth, traditional Maras style two armchairs and a wardrobe are exhibited in this room.

Study Room: An armchair, table and chairs, telephone, cupboard and Atatürk’s portrait are in this room.

Press Room: There are bound volumes of “Yeni Adana” newspaper in a showcase and framed photos of the newspaper staff in this room.
Warrior’s Room: The portraits of Gani Girici and his fellow warriors, Gani Girici’s medal of honour and a clock stopped at 9.05 in memory of Atatürk's time of death are on display in this room.

Lounge Room: Walnut chair, narghile, metal brazier, kilims and rugs are exhibited in this section.

Hatay Room: During Atatürk’s visit to Adana an envoy from French occupied Hatay headed by Ayse Fitnat Hanim had been received by Atatürk and presented him with black roses. Atatürk’s response to that gesture was “Centuries old Turkish land will not be allowed to be held by the enemy”. There are mannequins to depict this event. Also, in this room an engraved walnut coffee table, Turkish flag and various photos of the members of the envoy are on display.

Armoury: Various types and calibers of rifles, pistols, generals’ epaulets, a model of the house where Atatürk was born, a sample of the stone from Osmaniye which was used in Atatürk’s tomb in Anitkabir and also some collections of antique coins in a showcase are displayed in this room.

Adjutant’s Room: In Atatürk’s Adjutant’s room brass bedstead, silver threaded quilt, a walnut overlayed wardrobe, metal bowl and ewer are on display.
Kuva-i Milliye Room: The busts of Atatürk, Ismet Inönü and other members of Kuva-i Milliye who initiated the movement and people distinguished with their efforts during that period are in this room.

Atatürk Museum, except Mondays, is open all days of the week.

Chronology

1881

19 May 19881

Mustafa Kemal was born in Salonika.

1894

1894	Mustafa Kemal Started the Salonika Military Junior High School.

1896

1896	Mustafa Kemal Started the Monastir (Bitolja) Military Senior High School.

1899

13 March 1899

Mustafa Kemal graduated from the Monastir Military Senior High School and entered to the Infantry Class of the Military College in Istanbul

1902

10 February 1902

Mustafa Kemal graduates from the Military College with the rank of lieutenant and enters into the Military Academy.

1905

11 January 1905	Mustafa Kemal graduates from the Military Academy Staff College with the rank of Staff Captain.
5 February 1905	Mustafa Kemal was posted to the 5 Army at Damascus.

1906

1906	A Turk in the name of Yorgo Alibrantis broke a World Record at the Athens Olympic Games. (The first Turk who had participated in the first Olympic Games held in 1896, was wrestler Koc Mehmet of Deliorman.)
1906	Mustafa Kemal founded the Fatherland and Freedom Society in Damascus.

1907

1907	Mustafa Kemal secretly went to Salonika and founded the branch of the Fatherland and Freedom Society.
20 June 1907	Mustafa Kemal was promoted to Adjutant Major
20 September 1907	Mustafa Kemal was posted to the 3 Army at Salonika.

1908

22 June 1908	Mustafa Kamal was appointed to the Salonika-Skopje (The Orient) Railways as Inspector.
23 July 1908	The Second Constitution was proclaimed.
17 December 1908	Parliament opened after the Second Constitution was proclaimed.
1908	Mustafa Kemal published the A Unit Combat Training book of General Litzmann, the former Director of the Berlin Military Academy, after translating it from German to Ottoman Turkish.

1909

13 April 1909	The events of 31 March occurred (the difference in dates is due to the difference between the Gregorian and the Hegira calendar used in Turkey until 1925).
15-16 April 1909	After the events of 31 March, Mustafa Kemal departed from Salonika to Istanbul as the chief of staff of the Strike Army assigned to suppress the outbreak.
6 September 1909	Mustafa Kemal was appointed Commander of Infantry Officer Training of the 3 Army in Salonika. Later on he became the Commander of 38 Infantry Regiment with the rank of Adjutant Major.
10 May 1909	Mustafa Kemal participated in the Albanian maneouvers as Minister of War and Mahmut Şevket Pasha’s chief of staff.

1910

13 January 1910	Mustafa Kemal was assigned as chief of staff of the 3rd Salonica Division.
17-21 September 1910	Mustafa Kemal attended to the French Army manoeuvres in Picardy as one of the Turkish Army representatives

1911

15 January 1911	Mustafa Kemal was assigned as the deputy commander of the 38th Infantry Regiment located in Selonica.
13 September 1911	Mustafa Kemal transferred to General Staff in Istanbul.
29 September 1911	Italy declared war to Ottoman Government in order to capture Tripoli.
5 October 1911	Mustafa Kemal took part in the defensive and distraction wars against the Italians at Tobruk and Derna.
27 November 1911	Mustafa Kemal was promoted to Major.

1912

8 October 1912	Balkan war broke out. Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Director of Operations of the Army Corps established at Bolayir.
15 October 1912	At the end of the Tripolitania War, Ottoman Government and Italy signed the Ushi Peace Pact. Tripoli and Benghazi were given to Italians.
24 October 1912	Mustafa Kemal departed from Derna to Istanbul.
8 November 1912	Greece invaded Salonika.
25 November 1912	Mustafa Kemal was appointed as Director of Operations of the Dardanelles Special Forces.
28 November 1912	Albania declared its independence.
1 December 1912	Mustafa Kemal went to Gelibolu (Gallipoli).

1913

23 January 1913	Unionists (Committee of Union and Progress party) removed Grand Vizier Kamil Pasha (with the Babiali raid) and replaced him with Mahmut Sevket Pasha.
30 May 1913	At the end of the First Balkan War, the Treaty of London signed with the Balkan states.
11 June 1913	Grand Vizier Mahmut Sevket Pasha was assassinated.
12 June 1913	Said Halim Pasha became Grand Vizier.
21 July 1913	Mustafa Kemal, with the Bolayir Army Corps, where he was the chief of general staff, took back Edirne (Adrianople) which was lost in the First Balkan war.
29 September 1913	At the end of the Balkan wars, the Istanbul Treaty was signed with Bulgaria.
27 October 1913	Mustafa Kemal was appointed as Military Attache in Sofia. The same day Fethi Bey (Okyar - Please note that throughout the text, the names given in brackets after or before Pasha or Bey (Sir), are the surnames received after the acceptance of the Surname Law) was appointed as Turkish Ambassador to Bulgaria in Sofia.
14 November 1913	After the Second Balkan War, Athens Treaty signed between Greece and the Ottoman Government.

1914

3 January 1914	Enver Pasha replaced Ahmet Izzet Pasha as the Minister of War.
1 March 1914	Mustafa Kemal was promoted to Lt. Colonel.
13 March 1914	The Istanbul pact was signed between Ottoman Government and Serbia.
May 1914	Mustafa Kemal wrote his book, Chat with the Officer and the Commander. It was published in December 1918 in Istanbul.
1 August 1914	The First World War begun
3 November 1914	Russia declared war on the Ottoman Government.
5 November 1914	Britain and France declared war on the Ottoman Government
11 November 1914	Ottoman Government entered the war together with the Axis governments.

1915

20 January 1915	Mustafa Kemal was posted to the 19 Divisions’ Command.
19 February 1915	British and French forces opened artillery fire to Canakkale (Chanak).
25 February 1915	Under the command of Mustafa Kemal, 19 Division moved to Eceabat (Maydos or Maidos) when Canakkale came under artillery fire of British and French forces.
18 March 1915	18 of March Battle of Straits victory won against The Entente forces who tried to pass Dardanelles to capture Istanbul.
23 March 1915	General Limon von Sanders was appointed as the commander of the 5 Army which was formed for the Defence of Dardanelles.
25 April 1915	The Entente forces, which had been hindered to pass through the Dardanelles, landed their troops to Seddülbahir (Cape Helles) and Ariburnu - now called Anzak Koyu (Anzac Cove). Mustafa Kemal stopped the enemy units at Conkbayir.
30 April 1915	The Commander of the 19 Division Mustafa Kemal received a medal.
1 May 1915	Mustafa Kemal taken the command of Ariburnu Group. The first prepared offensive attack of the 19 Division was realized.
10 May 1915	The Commander-in-Chief Enver Pasha inspected Mustafa Kemal's area of operation and expressed his appreciations.
17 May 1915	Mustafa Kemal left the Ariburnu Group Command and returned to the Command of the 19 Division. (He had undertaken the Commandership of Ariburnu on 1 May due to the circumstances of that time.)
24 May 1915	A One-day cease-fire agreement was made at Canakkale.
1 June 1915	Mustafa Kemal was promoted to Colonel.
8-9 August 1915	Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Commander of Anafartalar Group.
9 August 1915	The offensive, personally lead by Mustafa Kemal, forced the enemy to retreat on the Anafartalar Front. First Anafartalar victory was won.
10 August 1915	Mustafa Kemal won another victory with bayonet charge at Conkbayir.
17 August 1915	After Anafartalar, Mustafa Kemal won another victory at Kirectepe.
19 August 1915	Mustafa Kemal was appointed to the command of the 16 Army Corps. (He was also the Group Commander of Anafartalar.)
21 August 1915	Mustafa Kemal won the Second Anafartalar victory.
24 August 1915	The Commander-in-Chief Enver Pasha inspected the Anafartalar Group area.
27 August 1915	Battle of Kayacikagili was realized.
28 August 1915	Mustafa Kemal made new arrangements within the Anafartalar Group.
10 December 1915	Mustafa Kemal departed from the Canakkale front.
19-20 December 1915	Enemy forces secretly vacated Ariburnu and Suvla. (Battle of Canakkale completely ended on 8-9 January 1916.)

1916

9 January 1916	The Entente forces retreated from Seddülbahir
14 January 1916	Mustafa Kemal was appointed to the 16 Army Corps in Edirne.
16 February 1916	Erzurum was occupied by the Russians.
15 March 1916	Mustafa Kemal began his duty at the Eastern Front as the commander of 16 Army Corps that was moved from Edirne to Diyarbakir.
1 April 1916	Mustafa Kemal was promoted to Brigadier General.
7-25 April 1916	Mustafa Kemal drove back the attack of the Russians in the East Front.
28 April 1916	The British forces, who were under the siege for five months at the battles on the Iraqi Front, surrendered.
7-8 August 1916	Mustafa Kemal retrieved Bitlis and Mus from the Russians.
17 November 1916	The 10 Army Corps arrived to Macedonian Front.
11 December 1916	Monastir was captured by the Entente forces.

1917

17 February 1917	Mustafa Kemal was appointed to the command of the Hicaz (Hecaz) Expeditionary Forces.
7 March 1917	Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Deputy Commander of the 2 Army in Diyarbakir.
11 March 1917	British forces had captured Baghdad.
16 March 1917	Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Commander of the 2 Army in Diyarbakir.
June 1917	The Lightning Group of Armies was formed.
27 June 1917	Greece entered the war beside the Entente States.
5 July 1917	Mustafa Kemal was appointed to the Command of the 7 Army in Aleppo.
17 July 1917	The Russian Tsar was pulled down from the power after a revolt. The Socialists formed the Soviet Government.
9 September 1917	The Austria-Hungary Government granted Mustafa Kemal the Second Class Military Cross of Merit with War Decorations medal.
20 September 1917	Mustafa Kemal, as the Commander of the 7 Army, sent to Istanbul his historical and famous report on the state of the country and of the army.
6 October 1917	Mustafa Kemal sent a letter to Enver Pasha and informed him of his resignation from the command of 7 Army.
9 October 1917	A new revolt occurred in Russia. The Bolshevists removed the Socialists from the power and Russia withdrawn from the World War One. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was founded.
15 October 1917	After resigning from the 7 Army, Mustafa Kemal returned to Istanbul on leave in the position of the Commander of the 2 Army.
9 December 1917	The British captured Jerusalem.
15 December 1917	Mustafa Kemal went for a visit to Germany under the suite of the Heir Apparent Prince Vahdeddin.
16 December 1917	Mustafa Kemal received the "First Class Crossed Saber Medjidie" medal.

1918

19 February 1918	The German Emperor rewarded Mustafa Kemal with the "First Class Krone der Preussen" medal.
4 July 1918	Vahdeddin became the Sultan.
7 August 1918	Mustafa Kemal was appointed for the second time to the Command of the 7 Army in Palestine.
1 September 1918	Mustafa Kemal commenced to the command of 7 Army.
19 September 1918	The Lightning Group of Armies at the Palestinian Front was not able to stop the attack of the British. The British forces advanced towards Syria.
26 September 1918	7 Army advanced in the direction of Damascus and assembled at Deraa Region towards the evening.
29 September 1918	7 Army retreated to the south of Damascus.
29 September 1918	Bulgaria withdrew from the war with the Armistice of Salonika.
30 September 1918	The defeated Lightning Group of Armies were reorganized and put in order under the supervision of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Commander of the 7 Army.
1 October 1918	7 Army Commander Mustafa Kemal Pasha made a consultation meeting with the region governors.
1 October 1918	Beirut declared her independence.
3 October 1918	The Lightning Group of Armies began to retreat towards Aleppo.
3 October 1918	The Arabic populace revolted with provocations of the British.
4 October 1918	The headquarters of Mustafa Kemal Pasha moved to Aleppo.
5 October 1918	Mustafa Kemal Pasha began to reorganise 7 Army.
8 October 1918	Talat Pasha Cabinet resigned.
8 October 1918	Mustafa Kemal Pasha took new precautionary measures against the hostile movements and propaganda.
11 October 1918	Tevfik Pasha, who was assigned to form a government, asked for his forgiveness.
14 October 1918	Ahmet Izzet Pasha was given the assignment of forming a government.
14 October 1918	French warships opened artillery fire to Iskenderun (Alexandretta).
16 October 1918	4 Army was abolished and by transferring its troops, 7 Army was reinforced.
20 October 1918	The British, French and the US representatives formed a temporary government at Lazkiye.
26 October 1918	Under the command of Mustafa Kemal, 7 Army units stopped the British offensive north of Aleppo.
28 October 1918	After the reorganisation, the Lightning Group of Armies moved back to north of Aleppo.
30 October 1918	The farewell letter of Field Marshal Limon von Sanders, the Commander of the Lightning Group of Armies, was publicized.
30 October 1918	Mustafa Kemal Pasha became the Commander of the Lightning Group of Armies.
30 October 1918	The Armistice of Mondros (Moudhros) was signed at Lemnos Island, ending the World War One for the Ottoman Empire.
31 October 1918	The Ottoman Empire came out of the World War One defeated. The Armistice of Mondros came into force.
2 November 1918	Enver Pasha, Talat Pasha and Cemal Pasha left the country in a German ship together with their close relations.
3 November 1918	A British and a French officer arrived to Iskenderun and informed that the troops were to be landed in Iskenderun. Mustafa Kemal Pasha notified his objection.
3 November 1918	Mosul was occupied by the British forces.
4 November 1918	A French regiment occupied the "Uzunköprü - Sirkeci" railway.
5 November 1918	"Kars Islamic Council" was established.
5 November 1918	Committee of Union and Progress Party abolished itself.
5 November 1918	Mustafa Kemal Pasha reported his views of the Armistice of Mondros to the office of the Commander-in-Chief.
7 November 1918	The Lightning Group of Armies was abolished. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was assigned to the Ministry of War.
8 November 1918	Ahmed Izzet Pasha resigned from the Grand Vizierate.
9 November 1918	Both sides of the Dardanelles were occupied by the British forces. A British detachment landed at Canakkale. Later on, on 20 November, Rumelia side (The European part of the Strait) was turned over to the French.
9 November 1918	The British landed troops to Iskenderun and Antakya.
10 November 1918	Mustafa Kemal went from Adana to Istanbul by train.
10 November 1918	"West Trakya (Thrace) Society" was founded in Istanbul.
11 November 1918	After the resignation of Ahmet Izzet Pasha, Tevfik Pasha formed the new Ottoman Government.
13 November 1918	The Entente States naval fleet and Greek warships have anchored in the waters of Istanbul.
13 November 1918	Mustafa Kemal arrived to Istanbul after the abolishment of the Lightning Group of Armies Commandership.
15 November 1918	Mustafa Kemal met with the Sultan Vahdeddin.
21 November 1918	Mustafa Kemal, together with Fethi Bey (Mr. Fethi Okyar), published the Minber (Minbar) Newspaper.
29 November 1918	The National Congress assembled in Istanbul.
30 November 1918	The first "Kars National Islamic Council" assembled.
1 December 1918	Trakya-Pasaeli the Defence Committee of the Ottoman's was founded.
3 December 1918	Defence of Rights Association was founded in Urfa.
4 December 1918	Eastern Provinces the Defence of Rights National Association was founded in Istanbul.
6 December 1918	Kilis was occupied by the British.
7 December 1918	Antakya was occupied by the French.
10 December 1918	Istikbal (The Future) newspaper, which supported the National Struggle, started its publication life in Trabzon.
11 December 1918	Dörtyol was occupied by a French-Armenian battalion.
17 December 1918	Tarsus, Ceyhan and Adana towns were occupied by the French.
19 December 1918	Small towns of Bahce, Islahiye, Hassa, Mamure and Osmaniye were occupied by the French.
19 December 1918	The first resistance against the occupying forces began in Dörtyol.
21 December 1918	Committee of Cilicians was founded in Istanbul.
21 December 1918	Parliament was dissolved by the Sultan.
24 December 1918	Batum was occupied by the British.
24 December 1918	The first Greek warship was seen off Izmir shores.
26 December 1918	2 Army units vacated Adana up to Pozanti.
27 December 1918	Pozanti was occupied.

1919

2 January 1919	Lord Curzon's memorandum, in the manner of "The Turks in the Eastern Thrace and the Greeks in the Western Anatolia should be exchanged" was publicised.
7 January 1919	The British asked the towns of Kars, Ardahan and Batum to be evacuated.
10 January 1919	Turkish units handed over Medina.
12 January 1919	The British entered Kars and settled in certain locations.
13 January 1919	The second Tevfik (Okday) Pasha government was formed in Istanbul. (Resigned at 3 March. His first cabinet was formed on 11th November 1918.)
14 January 1919	Hadimköy-Kuleliburgaz railway stations were occupied by the Greeks. (Later on, Eastern Railways Directorate office was occupied by the French.)
15 January 1919	Haydarpasa Railway Station was occupied by the British.
17 January 1919	The second "Kars National Islamic Council" was assembled.
18 January 1919	the Peace Conference assembled at Versailles, Paris.
22 January 1919	Turkish forces evacuated Batum.
22 January 1919	A British unit entered Konya.
22 January 1919	Freedom and Entente Party began to work again.
26 January 1919	Nurettin Pasha commenced his duty as the governor of Izmir.
30 January 1919	Committee of Union and Progress party's 27 members were sent to the Military Court.
2 February 1919	During the Peace Conference, the Prime Minister Venizelos demanded Aegean Islands, Thrace and Western Anatolia to be handed over to Greece.
5 February 1919	After the declaration of constitutional monarchy, the censorship, which was abolished on 24 July 1908, had become in force again in Istanbul.(Abolished again on 4 October 1922)
7 February 1919	The British Field Marshal Allenby arrived in Istanbul.
8 February 1919	The Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Armies General Franchet D'Esperey, who had arrived to Istanbul by ship on 23 November 1918 entered Istanbul with a pompous ceremony
9 February 1919	Field Marshal Allenby gave a warning to Istanbul Government.
12 February 1919	The Defence of Rights National Association of Trabzon was founded.
14 February 1919	Nurettin Pasha was appointed to 17 Armed Corps Command.
19 February 1919	The Rise of Islam Committee" was founded in Istanbul.
19 February 1919	"The Defence of Rights National Association of the Black Sea Turk's was founded.
22 February 1919	Maras was occupied by the British.
1 March 1919	During the Paris Peace Conference the British and the French delegations proposed land to be given to Greece in Anatolia.
4 March 1919	Damat Ferid Pasha's cabinet had taken over the government of Tevfik (Okday) Pasha which was resigned a day earlier.
6 March 1919	The Greeks of Istanbul behaved rowdily and carried out some assaults.
7 March 1919	Kozan was occupied by the French.
8 March 1919	Zonguldak and Eregli was occupied by the French. (Liberated between 20 and 21 June 1921)
13 March 1919	Kazim Karabekir Pasha was appointed to the Command of 15 Army Corps in Erzurum. (Arrived in Erzurum on 3 of May.)
14 March 1919	The British Prime Minister Lloyd George, The French Prime Minister Clemenceau, the Italian Prime Minister Orlando and the President Wilson of the United States of America accepted the landing plan of the Greek's in Paris.
15 March 1919	Albanian Help Committee founded in Istanbul.
19 March 1919	A delegation from Izmir was admitted to see the Sultan.
19 March 1919	The Defence of Rights Congress of Izmir assembled
19 March 1919	Mustafa Kemal sent a letter to Erzurum explaining how to be organized.
24 March 1919	Urfa was occupied by the British.
28 March 1919	Antalya was occupied by the Italians.
30 March 1919	Merzifon was occupied by the British.
30 March 1919	Damat Ferid Pasha gave a project to Admiral Calthorpe in order to obtain the protection of Britain.
10 April 1919	The Kaimakam ( provincial district governor) of Bogazlayan was executed.
13 April 1919	Kars was occupied by the British.
16 April 1919	Afyonkarahisar was occupied by the French.
20 April 1919	The Georgian units entered Ardahan.
24 April 1919	The Italian troops entered Konya.
30 April 1919	Mustafa Kemal was appointed as the Inspector-General of the 9 Army.
5 May 1919	Mustafa Kemal's order of appointment to Samsun was published in Takvim-i Vekâyi. (The government gazette of its time.)
5-6 May 1919	During the Peace Conference in Paris, The Prime Minister of Britain Lloyd George asked Greece to land in Izmir.
10 May 1919	The occupation of Izmir was decided on by the Entente States in Paris.
11 May 1919	Ali Bati revolt began.
14 May 1919	Admiral Calthorpe gave a diplomatic note for the occupation of Izmir.
14 May 1919	Cevat Pasha was assigned as the Chief of the General Staff.
14 May 1919	The fortifications in the small towns and villages of Foca, Karaburun, Urla and Yenikale were occupied by the British, the French and the Greeks.
14-15 May 1919	The patriots of Izmir gathered at night in the Jewish cemetery and accepted the "refusal of annex" principle. Newly founded "The National Committee of the Refusal of Annex" issued an announcement to the people
15 May 1919	Izmir was occupied by the Greeks with the support of the Entente States. The first armed resistance began.
15 May 1919	Four hours and 10 minutes after the occupation of Izmir, in the presidency of the Mufti (The official person in charge of Islamic Affairs in a province or district) of Denizli, Ahmed Hulusi Efendi (Mr.) "Denizli National Committee" was founded.
15-16 May 1919	Damat Ferid Pasha Cabinet resigned
16 May 1919	The people of Balikesir decided to protest the occupation and agreed on armed resistance.
16 May 1919	Urla and Seferihisar were occupied by the Greeks
16 May 1919	Mustafa Kemal left Istanbul for Samsun on board of the Bandirma Steamboat as the Inspector-General of 9 Army.
17 May 1919	Rafet Bey (Bele) was appointed to 3 Army Corps Command in Sivas
18 May 1919	University of Istanbul (Dar-ül Fünun) arranged it's first meeting to protest the occupation.
18 May 1919	The people of Balikesir arranged the Alacamescid meeting.
19 May 1919	Mustafa Kemal arrived to Samsun and the Turkish War of Independence commenced.
19 May 1919	Damat Ferid Pasha formed his second Cabinet.
20 May 1919	The British Friendship Society was founded
20 May 1919	Colonel Bekir Sami was appointed to the Command of 17 Army Corps.
20 May 1919	Seydiköy was occupied by the Greeks
21 May 1919	Mustafa Kemal informed his thoughts under a secret cipher to Kazim Karabekir Pasha who was 15 Army Corps Commander in Erzurum.
21 May 1919	Afyonkarahisar which was occupied by the French, on 16 April changed hands to the Italians.
22 May 1919	Mustafa Kemal, on his report to Prime Ministry, stated that "Nation has become one body, accepted the essence of sovereignty and the feelings of Turkishness as a target."
22 May 1919	Kadiköy Mass meeting was held and (Ms.) Halide Edip made a public speech.
23 May 1919	Mass meetings held at Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul and in Sivas.
23 May 1919	Mustafa Kemal Pasha, by sending a telegram, contacted for the first time with the Commander of the 20 Army Corps Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy)
23 May 1919	Mollah Sait informed mayors that "The British Friendship Society" was founded.
25 May 1919	Mustafa Kemal Pasha arrived to Havza.
26 May 1919	Manisa was occupied by the Greeks.
26 May 1919	In Istanbul, the Council of Sultanate decided to accept the British mandate.
27 May1919	Aydin was occupied by the Greeks
28 May 1919	During his stay in Havza, Mustafa Kemal asked from high civilian post officials and military commanders to arrange mass meetings against the occupations.
28 May 1919	Struggle started with the Greeks around Ödemis.(The British arrested 67 people who were involved with politics and exiled them to Malta.)
29 May 1919	In Ayvalik, under the leadership of Ali Bey (Cetinkaya) resistance began against the Greeks.
2 June 1919	Kazim Özalp began his duty at 61 Division.
3 June 1919	In reply to the Ministry of War related to the meetings, Mustafa Kemal Pasha said, "I cannot see any power and strength in anybody to stop the national excitement and demonstrations of the nation".
4 June 1919	Nazilli was occupied by the Greeks.
6 June 1919	General Milne, the Entente Commander-in-Chief gave an ultimatum to the Istanbul Government.
6 June 1919	Damad Ferid and the delegations departed to participate in the Paris Peace Conference
8 June 1919	The Minister of War called back Mustafa Kemal Pasha to Istanbul.
8 June 1919	Rauf Bey (Orbay) arrived to Ankara.
9 June 1919	National Resistance Unit was formed at the Aydin Front.
10 June 1919	The circular of Mustafa Kemal Pasha: "For the sake of our National Independence... I take an oath in the name of holy things I believe and value, that I will work together with the nation until the end."
11 June 1919	Damat Ferid Pasha arrived to Paris to participate in the Paris Peace Conference.
12 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal departed from Havza.
12 June 1919	A volunteered detachment formed in Alasehir fought with the Greek forces.
13 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal received a delegation in Amasya.
16 June 1919	Yörük Ali Efe annihilated a Greek detachment.
17 June 1919	Erzurum Province Congress was assembled.
17 June 1919	In Istanbul, the British High Commissioner Admiral Calthorpe sent a letter to the Ministry of War and asked for Mustafa Kemal to be recalled.
18 June 1919	The Ali Bati revolt was suppressed.
18 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal issued a circular concerning the uniting of Anatolia and Rumelia (the European part of the Ottoman Empire) National Organizations.
18 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal sent his thoughts, under a secret cipher, to Cafer Tayyar (Egilmez), the Commander of the Army Corps in Thrace.
19 June 1919	Ali Fuat Pasha and Rauf Bey arrived to Amasya in order to meet with Mustafa Kemal
21 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal, in a letter sent to well-known people in Istanbul [Abdurrahman Seref, Resit Akif Pasha, Seyit, Ms. Halide Edip (Adivar), KaraVasif, The Minister of Public Works Ferit Pasha, The president of the Peace and well-being Party Ferit Pasha, Cami (Baykut), Ahmet (Riza)]said, "From now on Istanbul must not dominate Anatolia, it must be subject to it."
21 June 1919	Amasya Circular was prepared.
22 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal, in his historic Amasya Circular, announced that, "In order to form national forces within one aim and one organization, it was necessary to convene a Nationalist Congress at Sivas."
22 June 1919	Erzurum Province Congress ended.
23 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal was dismissed from his duties by the Istanbul government.
25 June 1919	Cerkez (Circassian) Ethem's and Demirci (Blacksmith) Mehmet Efe's forces began to struggle with the Greeks.
25 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal Pasha departed from Amasya to Sivas.
26 June 1919	At the end of World War One, the Versailles Peace Treaty was signed between the Imperial Germany and the Entente States.
27 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal arrived to Sivas
28 June 1919	Mustafa Kemal departed from Sivas towards Erzurum
28 June 1919	First Balikesir Congress was assembled.
3 July 1919	Mustafa Kemal arrived to Erzurum in order to join to the Defence of Rights Movement congress of Eastern Provinces
8 July 1919	Mustafa Kemal resigned from his official duties and from the military.
9 July 1919	Minister of War issued a circular stating the dismissal of Mustafa Kemal Pasha's duties.
10 July 1919	Trakya-Pasaeli Congress began.
11 July 1919	Demirci Mehmet Efe joined to the National Resistance lines.
13 July 1919	Refet Bele Bey was removed from his post of 3 Army Corps Commander by the Istanbul government.
18 July 1919	The Entente High Commissioner made a division between Italy and Greece who could not come to an agreement for the occupied zones, and decided that Aydin should be given to the Italians.
20 July 1919	Kazim Karabekir Pasha was appointed to 3 Army Inspectorate (previously 9 Army) as deputy inspector.
20 July 1919	Mustafa Kemal told Mazhar Müfit (Kansu) that a Republic will be founded in the future.
21 July 1919	For the third time Damat Ferid Pasha assembled a government.
23 July 1919	Erzurum Congress was assembled and Mustafa Kemal was selected as the chairman of the congress.
23 July 1919	Erzurum Congress began to work.
26 July 1919	Second Balikesir Congress was assembled.
4 August 1919	The commander of 3 Caucasian Division Lt. Colonel Halit (later on General Karsialan) sent a telegram to Mustafa Kemal stating his devotion to him.
4 August 1919	Ismet Bey (Inönü) was appointed to the Military Council membership.
6 August 1919	First Nazilli Congress was assembled.
7 August 1919	Erzurum Congress ended.
7 August 1919	Mustafa Kemal replied to the telegram of Lt. Colonel Halit.
9 August 1919	First Nazilli Congress finished its studies
9 August 1919	Mustafa Kemal was discharged from the military.
10 August 1919	Halide Edip Adıvar sent a letter to Mustafa Kemal suggesting to turn to United States.
14 August 1919	The first assembly of the Representative Committee realized
16 August 1919	Alasehir Congress began.
24 August 1919	The Defence of Rights Society of Eastern Anatolia was formed.
25 August 1919	Alasehir Congress finalized its studies.
27 August 1919	Erzurum's citizenship was given to Mustafa Kemal
29 August 1919	Mustafa Kemal departed from Erzurum.
2 September 1919	Mustafa Kemal arrived in Sivas.
3 September 1919	The Istanbul government tried to stop the Sivas Congress
4 September 1919	Sivas Congress assembled and Mustafa Kemal was selected as the President of the congress.
7 September 1919	The Society for the Defence of Rights in Anatolia and Rumelia was formed.
8 September 1919	Suggestions of a mandate were accepted in the congress.
9 September 1919	The Representative Committee that received Decision and Application Power by the Sivas Congress appointed Ali Fuat Pasha as the Commander of the Anatolian General National Resistance.
10 September 1919	Saint German Peace Treaty was signed between the Entente States and the Austrian Empire.
11 September 1919	Mustafa Kemal was selected as the President of Standing Committee of the Society for the Defence of Rights in Anatolia and Rumelia.
11 September 1919	The Sivas Congress ended.
12 September 1919	Sultan Vahdeddin certified the Mandate Pact with Great Britain.
13 September 1919	The circular of Mustafa Kemal Pasha concerning the preparation for selecting the members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly was issued
14 September 1919	"The Determination of the Nation" newspaper was published in Sivas.
16 September 1919	Third Balikesir Congress was assembled.
19 September 1919	Second Nazilli Congress was assembled.
20 September 1919	Vahdeddin issued a declaration relating to assist the Istanbul Government.
22 September 1919	Mustafa Kemal talked with General Harbourd.
27 September 1919	Third Bozkir revolt emerged.
27-28 September 1919	The Governor of Konya escaped to Istanbul.
30 September 1919	Damad Ferid Pasha resigned from the Grand Vizierate.
2 October 1919	Ali Riza Pasha Government was formed.
2 October 1919	Mustafa Kemal wrote a letter to Istanbul Municipality and issued his "Declaration of call" to the people of Istanbul, asking them to join in the struggle in Anatolia.
3 October 1919	Mustafa Kemal, in his telegram sent to the new Grand Vizier, stated that if the government complies with the aim of Erzurum and Sivas Congress,the national organizations will assist the government
4 October 1919	First Bozkir revolt was suppressed. On the same date Mustafa Kemal, with a telegram sent to Yahya Kaptan, a militia commander, asked to set up a strong organization in the Izmit region.
7 October 1919	Trakya-Pasaeli Defence Committee of the Ottoman's joined to the Society for the Defence of Rights in Anatolia and Rumelia.
7 October 1919	The International investigation committee, which was founded to investigate the cruelty made by the Greeks, gave their report to the Peace Conference in Paris.
13 October 1919	Mustafa Kemal answered the questions directed to him by the editorial writer Velit (Ebüzziya) of "Tasviri Efkâr" Newspaper.
15 October 1919	Minister of the Navy Salih Pasha departed for Amasya.
16 October 1919	First Edirne Conference began.
16 October 1919	Mustafa Kemal and his friends departed from Sivas towards Amasya.
17 October 1919	In western Thrace the small town of Iskece was occupied by the Greeks.
18 October 1919	Mustafa Kemal and his friends arrived to Amasya.
20 October 1919	Second Bozkir revolt began
20-22 October 1919	In Amasya, Mustafa Kemal met with the Minister of the Navy Salih Pasha who came from Istanbul.Amasya Protocol was signed
23 October 1919	Istanbul was chosen and accepted as the centre by the Greek citizens of the Ottomansfor Pontus Operations (and for East Thrace).
25 October 1919	First Anzavur revolt began.
26 October 1919	Sheik Esref revolt began in Hart, the subdistrict of Bayburt.
27 October 1919	Mustafa Kemal departed for Tokat.
28 October 1919	Mustafa Kemal departed from Tokat towards Sivas.
28 October 1919	The Representative Committee decided to support Ali Riza Pasha Cabinet.
29 October 1919	The French replaced the British Occupation Forces in the Southeast and entered Antep.
31 October 1919	Sütcü Imam incident occurred in Maras.
3 November 1919	A resistance organization under the name of Security Society was founded.
3 November 1919	General Milne notified Minister of War Cemal Pasha to move the national forces at Izmir Front 3 kilometres back
4 November 1919	Second Bozkir revolt was suppressed.
5 November 1919	Anatolian Women Defence of the Country Society was founded.
7 November 1919	Mustafa Kemal was elected Deputy for Erzurum for the Ottoman parliament that was decided to assemble in Istanbul.
16 November 1919	Mustafa Kemal Pasha made some suggestions to certain army corps and division commanders for the organization of national forces in the west and to receive support from the army.
16 November 1919	Mustafa Kemal Pasha presented a suggestion to the Ministry of War on the behalf of the Representative Committee for the arrangement of the forces in Eastern Anatolia at three front.
16 November 1919	Mustafa Necati, Vasif and Esat (Cinar) brothers started to publish a newspaper in Balikesir, called "Izmir'e Dogru-Towards Izmir."
19 November 1919	Fourth Balikesir Congress was assembled.
21 November 1919	Gökcen Efe died for the country.
27 November 1919	Peace treaty was signed in Neuilly between the Entente States and Bulgaria.
27 November 1919	Kara Vasif has departed for Sivas.
28 November 1919	Maras struggle began.
29 November 1919	Defence of Rights Association was founded in Maras
29 November 1919	Security Society was founded in Istanbul.
30 November 1919	The Anzavur forces were destroyed in their first revolt.
4 December 1919	Trabzon and its Environment Non-Centralized Society was founded
8 December 1919	The administration of the movement of Western Anatolia was given to Ali Fuat Pasha.
10 December 1919	The Commander of 3 Army Corps,Colonel Refet (Bele) arrived to Nazilli and took over the command of Aydin National Forces.
13 December 1919	Victorious High Commissariat has not accepted the occupation of İzmir by the Greeks.
18 December 1919	Mustafa Kemal Pasha departed from Sivas.
18 December 1919	Pontus Government was founded in Batum.
23 December 1919	The Italians, after Antalya,moved up to Konya.
27 December 1919	Mustafa Kemal arrived to Ankara together with the members of Representative Committee.
28 December 1919	Mustafa Kemal spoken with the citizens of Ankara and explained the situation.
29 December 1919	National forces formed in Urfa.
29 December 1919	Mustafa Kemal Pasha's circular on the subject of the Deputies to come to Ankara in order to meet with the Representative Committee was issued
29 December 1919	Council of Ministers reached a decision on the subject of that, Mustafa Kemal has not been discarded from the Army, that he has resigned and, that all the orders and medals received should be returned back.

1920

3 January 1920	The Deputies started to meet with Mustafa Kemal.
9 January 1920	Yahya Kaptan of the National Forces was killed at Gebze by the men of the Istanbul Government.
10 January 1920	"Hakimiyet-i Milliye" - The Sovereignty of the People newspaper was founded in Ankara.
11 January 1920	A meeting was held in Konya.
12 January 1920	The last National Assembly opened in Istanbul.
13 January 1920	A large meeting was held at the Sultanahmet Square for Istanbul to remain Turkish.
14 January 1920	Mustafa Kemal sent a congratulation message for the opening of the National Assembly.
15 January 1920	Second Edirne Congress assembled.
20 January 1920	Ismet Bey (Inönü) gone to Ankara.
20 January 1920	The independence struggle began at Maras.
24 January 1920	"Youth Club" was founded in Kastamonu.
26 January 1920	Celalettin Arif Bey was selected for temporary president of Ottoman Parliament.
26-27 January 1920	Köprülü Hamdi Bey crossed to the Rumelia side together with the National Forces in order to raid the Akbas ammunition store which the French were guarding it.
28 January 1920	During the assembly of Ottoman Parliament, the National Pact accepted secretly.
31 January 1920	Resat Hikmet Bey was selected to the presidency of the Ottoman Parliament.
1 February 1920	The French started to burn the shops in Maras and intense street fights began.
3 February 1920	Fevzi Pasha became the Ottoman Government's Minister of War.
6 February 1920	In the last Ottoman Parliament, Prosperity of the Country Group, which were in favour of resisting the Mondros Armistice, was formed.
9 February 1920	National Forces entered to Urfa.
11 February 1920	Mustafa Kemal has spoken with Fevzi Pasha.
12 February 1920	Maras was liberated from the French occupation.
14 February 1920	Yenihan revolt started.
15 February 1920	In London Conference, it was decided to leave Istanbul to the Turks.
16 February 1920	Second Anzavur revolt began.
17 February 1920	The Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul decided that the National Pact was accepted, to be published in the press and made known by all the foreign parliaments.
18 February 1920	The National Pact was issued by Istanbul parliament.
19 February 1920	The Entente States' threatening ultimatum was publicized by the Istanbul Government.
22 February 1920	Mustafa Kemal Pasha, as a response to the Entente States ultimatums, replied to the Istanbul Government.
28 February 1920	Greek 1 Army Corps' headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief was moved from Salonika to Izmir.
3 March 1920	Gölcük plateau and Bozdag was occupied by the Greeks.
3 March 1920	Ali Riza Pasha Cabinet resigned.
4 March 1920	Celalettin Arif Bey was elected as the president of the Ottoman Parliament.
5 March 1920	National Forces' units attacked against the French.
8 March 1920	Salih Hulusi Cabinet was assembled.
10 March 1920	Fifth Balikesir Congress was assembled.
15 March 1920	The British arrested one hundred and fifty Turkish Intellectuals.
16 March 1920	Istanbul was occupied by the Entente States. The parliament was raided; some deputies were arrested and exiled to the Malta island. Mustafa Kemal has lodged a protest with all foreign states and parliaments against the occupation of Istanbul, and in Ankara steps were taken to convene a National Assembly.
17 March 1920	The British withdrawn from Eskisehir and Afyon. (On 24 April the troops landed in Sile.)
18 March 1920	In Balikesir and in Kastamonu meetings organized to protest occupation of Istanbul.
18 March 1920	The Ottoman National Assembly made a closure meeting and ended their activity eternally.
19 March 1920	Mustafa Kemal, with a letter addressed to all the provinces and the Command Posts, asked from them to make elections for the National Assembly to be gathered in Ankara.
26 March 1920	President Wilson of the United States of America gave a diplomatic note for the forming of Great Armenia.
28 March 1920	In Antep, Sahin Bey, which became famous for the resistance put up against the French, died serving for his country.
29 March 1920	Lt. Colonel Rahmi Bey killed by the soldiers committed to Anzavur.
31 March 1920	Lüleburgaz Congress was assembled.
1 April 1920	Thrace Congress was assembled.
1 April 1920	Kizilhisar raid and in city engagements at Antep.
2 April 1920	Salih Hulusi Pasha government resigned because of the pressure put up by the British.
2 April 1920	The first party of members of the Istanbul Parliament arrived to Ankara.
3 April 1920	Ismet Bey (Inönü) joined the National Struggle in Ankara.
4 April 1920	12th Army Corps Commander Fahrettin (Altay) came to Ankara and met with Mustafa Kemal. (He also has joined to Ankara.)
4 April 1920	Gönen was captured by Anzavur Ahmed.
5 April 1920	Damat Ferid Pasha formed his fifth Cabinet.
6 April 1920	Anadolu Ajansi (a press agency) was established in Ankara.
8 April 1920	The French asked for a cease-fire.
8 April 1920	A circular issued by the Representative Committee stating that the Damat Ferid Pasha Cabinet, which was formed right after the resignation of Salih Pasha, will not be recognized.
11 April 1920	The "Fetva" (opinion or decision on a matter of Canon Law) of the Sheik of Islam, Dürrizade Abdullah stating that, "All the national forces are, excluding the Sultan and the Caliph's, infidel and it is incumbent to kill" is published in the government gazette.
11 April 1920	The French were withdrawn from Urfa.
11 April 1920	Damat Ferid issued a notice against the National Forces.
11 April 1920	Parliament was abolished by the Sultan.
12 April 1920	The French occupation ended in Urfa.
13 April 1920	First Düzce revolt began.
15 April 1920	Second Anzavur revolt was suppressed.
17 April 1920	Fevzi Pasha left Istanbul to join to the War of Independence.
18 April 1920	In order to suppress the National Forces, the Istanbul Government formed an army under the name of Disciplinary Forces. (These forces, also named as the Caliphate Army, were abolished on 25 June 1920)
19 April 1920	Beypazari and Nallihan revolts began.
19 April 1920	Anzavur Ahmed escaped to Istanbul.
19-26 April 1920	The Entente States representatives convened in San Remo in order to decide on the principles of the treaty to be signed with Turkey.
21 April 1920	Mustafa Kemal's circular, regarding the opening of the "Turkish Grand National Assembly" on 23 April 1920, was issued.
21 April 1920	Various religious functionaries in Bursa expressed their opinions, from the point of religion, about the legitimacy of the National Struggle.
22 April 1920	The Entente States invited Ottoman Government to Paris Peace Conference.
22 April 1920	24 Division Commander Lt. Colonel Mahmut killed by the rebels while moving from Hendek to Düzce. He died in his service to his country.
23 April 1920	Mustafa Kemal has opened the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara.
24 April 1920	Mustafa Kemal was elected President by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Mustafa Kemal made his first speech in the Assembly.
24 April 1920	Agnam Resmi-The Sheep tax passed in the Turkish Grand National Assembly as the first law.
25 April 1920	Ismet Bey (Inönü) was appointed as the Chief of the General Staff.
25 April 1920	The Turkish Grand National Assembly elected a "Provisional Executive Committee."
26 April 1920	Mustafa Kemal has asked for war material from the Soviet Government.
27 April 1920	Fevzi Pasha (Field Marshal Cakmak) joined to the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
28 April 1920	Istanbul Government issued a decree stating to form "The Anatolian Extraordinary General Inspectorate" in order to establish the administration of the Sultan's Government in Anatolia. (This organization was abolished on 3 November 1920.)
29 April 1920	Treason to the Country Law was issued.
30 April 1920	Mustafa Kemal sent a circular to the foreign ministries of all foreign states informing that the Turkish Grand National Assembly had come into existence.
2 May 1920	In the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the law for the election of "Executive Ministers of the Turkish Grand National Assembly" was passed.
3 May 1920	The Committee of Executive Ministers, the first Council of Ministers of the Republic, was founded.
5 May 1920	The first Council of Ministers elected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly assembled in the presidency of Mustafa Kemal Pasha.
5 May 1920	A revolt started in Konya.
5 May 1920	The Mufti (Moslem jurist) of Ankara, Rifat (Börekci) and the religious functionaries of Anatolia issued a "fetva" with their 251 signatures, against The "Fetva" of the Sheik of Islam, Dürrizade Abdullah. (This Fetva was published in The Sovereignty of the People newspaper.)
6 May 1920	The resolution number 12, concerning the "Prohibition of the official communication with the Istanbul Government" was issued by the Turkish Grand National Assembly"
9 May 1920	The Grand Edirne Congress was held.
9 May 1920	The Turkish Grand National Assembly issued a circular to the Moslem World.
10 May 1920	The forces, devoted to Anzavur Ahmed, captured Adapazari.
10 May 1920	Mustafa Kemal spoked with Williams, the correspondent of the Chicago Tribune newspaper.
11 May 1920	The draft of the peace treaty determined in San Remo was given to Tevfik (Okday) Pasha, the representative of the Istanbul Government.
11 May 1920	Mustafa Kemal sentenced to death by a Special Tribunal assembled in Istanbul. (The Sultan approved it on 24 May.)
11 May 1920	A delegation, under the presidency of the External Affairs Minister Bekir Sami, departed for Moscow.
13 May 1920	Cafer Tayyar Bey became the commander of the Thracian forces.
15 May 1920	The Disciplinary Forces were defeated by the National Forces.
15 May 1920	First Yozgat revolt began.
19 May 1920	It was decided by the National Assembly that Damat Ferid and his followers will be expelled from the citizenship.
23 May 1920	Cerkez Ethem took back Sapanca and Adapazari from the forces devoted to Anzavur Ahmed.
24 May 1920	The Sultan confirmed the death sentence of Mustafa Kemal.
24 May 1920	The Special Tribunal of Istanbul gave a death sentence to Fevzi (Cakmak) Pasha. (Confirmed on 27 May.)
25 May 1920	Cerkez Ethem forces entered Hendek.
27 May 1920	Bolu was taken back from the rebels.
27 May 1920	Western Trace government was founded.
28 May 1920	Osmaniye was occupied by the French.
30 May 1920	The cease fire agreement signed with the French in Ankara, came into effect. (For a 20-day period.)
30-31 May 1920	"The National Defence Commander" title was given to Cafer Tayyar (Egilmez) by the Edirne Defence of Rights Centre Committee.
1 June 1920	The US Senate refused the Armenian Mandate proposal made by the President Wilson.
2 June 1920	Kozan was liberated from the enemy occupation.
3 June 1920	The Soviet Government gave a reply to Mustafa Kemal's letter.
4 June 1920	Trianon Peace Treaty signed between The Entente States and Hungary.
6 June 1920	The Special Tribunal of Istanbul gave death sentences to Ismet Inönü, Bekir Sami Kunduh, Celalettin Arif, Dr. Riza Nur, Yusuf Kemal Tengirsenk, Hamdullah Suphi Tanriöver, Rifat Börekci and Fahrettin Altay.
6 -7 June 1920	Zile revolt began.
7 June 1920	The law stating that, "any agreement made or to be made, after the date of 16 March 1920 (the day Istanbul was occupied by the Entente States) by the Istanbul Government will be considered invalid," passed from the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
8 June 1920	In the Eastern Region mobilization was declared against the Armenian assault.
8-26 June 1920	In the East, the Milli Tribe revolt began.
13 June 1920	The rebels occupied the small town of Köhne.
14 June 1920	Capanoglu revolt began in Yozgat.
15 June 1920	The commandership of 15 Army Corps was renamed as "the Commandership of the Eastern Front."
15 June 1920	The Sultan approved the death sentence of Ismet Bey.
18 June 1920	The French occupied Zonguldak after ending the 20-day long cease-fire.
20 June 1920	The order of attack was given to the Greek Army.
21 June 1920	Mustafa Kemal spoken with Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) in Eskisehir.
21 -22 June 1920	The conference of Boulogne was assembled.
22 June 1920	The Greeks passed the Milne Line and started their general offensive. In the east the Armenians started their attack.
23 June 1920	Cerkez Ethem entered to Yozgat.
24 June 1920	The Greeks occupied Alasehir.
24 -25 June 1920	The Western Front Command was established. Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Pasha was appointed as the commander.
25 June 1920	The British landed troops to Mudanya and withdrawn in a short time after.
26 June 1920	As per the decision of the Council of Ministers, the commandership's of Elcezire and Adana have been established.
27 June 1920	The Capanoglu revolt was suppressed.
27 June 1920	Kula incident occurred. (The defeatists dispersed the troops.)
30 June 1920	Balikesir and Edremit regions were occupied by the Greeks.
2 July 1920	The British tried to land troops to Mudanya and the Greeks occupied small towns of Kemalpasa and Gönen.
3 July 1920	The Independence Tribunal gave a death sentence to Damat Ferid Pasha.
3 July 1920	Hacin (It was renamed Saimbeyli) was occupied by the French.
6 July 1920	The British landed troops to Mudanya Region.
8 July 1920	Bursa was occupied by the Greeks.
9 July 1920	An ultimatum was given to Armenia to protest the massacre occurred in the east.
10 July 1920	After the Greek occupation of Bursa on the 8 July, the rostrum of the Turkish Grand National Assembly was covered with black cloth.
10 July 1920	Bilecik was liberated.
12 July 1920	Iznik was occupied by the Greeks.
14 July 1920	Concealed Turkish Communist Party was founded.
18 July 1920	An oath was taken on the National Pact in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
19 July 1920	The delegation, under the presidency of the External Affairs Minister Bekir Sami, arrived to Moscow.
19 July 1920	Second Düzce revolt emerged.
20 July 1920	The Greeks occupied the Tekirdag region together with the forces that arrived from Bandirma.
20-25 July 1920	Eastern Thrace battles began.
22 July 1920	The Sevres treaty was accepted by the Sovereignty Council assembled under the presidency of the Sultan Vahdeddin.
23 July 1920	Babaeski, Lüleburgaz and Hayrabolu were occupied by the Greeks
23-24 July 1920	Colonel Cafer Tayyar (Egilmez) was captured by the Greeks at Havza-Bostanli.
30 July 1920	Damat Ferid pasha, who had resigned a day earlier in Istanbul, was again, the fifth time, assigned to form a government.
1 August 1920	Cerkez Ethem's forces entered to the small town of Demirci.
6 August 1920	Halit Bey, one of the leaders of the Capanoglu revolt was captured.
10 August 1920	The Sevres treaty signed.
14 August 1920	Captain Seref Bey entered Bolu.
17 August 1920	Under the presidency of Bekir Sami, the negotiations between the Turkish delegation and the Soviet delegation began.
18 August 1920	The National Forces entered Antep.
19 August 1920	The ones who had signed the Sèvres treaty and who had voted in favour of it at the Sovereignty Council were declared as traitors by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
24 August 1920	Second Milli Tribe revolt began. (It was suppressed on 8 September 1920.)
29 August 1920	Usak was occupied by the Greeks.
30 August 1920	Adapazari and Düzce Populace who had participated to the revolt were pardoned by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
3 September 1920	Simav was occupied by the Greeks.
3 September 1920	Nizip was occupied.
5 September 1920	"Adequate Majority" law was accepted at the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
5 September 1920	Second Yozgat revolt began. (It was suppressed on 30 December 1920.)
6 September 1920	Rafet Bey became the Minister for Internal Affairs.
7 September 1920	Mustafa Kemal was within the officers who had been degraded. This was published in the "Takvimi Vekay" (the Ottoman government gazette). Mustafa Kemal's rank degraded to Lt. Colonel.
11 September 1920	The Turkish Grand National Assembly decided for the establishment of the Independence Tribunals.
12 September 1920	The Eastern Front units began to their offensive against the Armenians.
13 September 1920	The Populism Programme of Mustafa Kemal submitted to the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (It was read in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 18 September.)
13 September 1920	Mustafa Kemal met with the Ottoman delegation, Ahmet Izzet and Salih Pashas in the Bilecik Train station.
14 September 1920	The "Prohibition of alcoholic beverages Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (It was published on 28 February 1921.)
23 September 1920	First Soviet war materials arrived.
24 September 1920	On the Eastern Front the Armenians began their attacks at Bardiz and Kötek.
29 September 1920	Sarikamis was taken back from the Armenians.
1 October 1920	National Forces took back Kagizman.
2 October 1920	Delibas revolt began in Konya.
6 October 1920	National Forces entered Konya.
7 October 1920	"Ceride-i Resmiye-the Government Gazette" was established.
15 October 1920	Saimbeyli was rescued at the Southern Front.
17 October 1920	Damat Ferid Pasha resigned from the Grand Vizierate.
17 October 1920	The Soviet proposals that were against the National Pact principles were refused by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
18 October 1920	The Turkish Communist Party was founded officially.
21 October 1920	The last Ottoman government was formed in Istanbul under the presidency of Tevfik Pasha.
24 October 1920	On the Western Front the Turkish Forces realized the Gediz offensive.
27 October 1920	Inegöl and Yenisehir were occupied by the Greeks.
27 October 1920	The Turkish Grand National Assembly decided not to accept any more deputies from the Istanbul Parliament from that day onwards.
30 October 1920	Kars was taken back from the Armenians.
1 November 1920	Officers Candidate encampment in Ankara gave its first graduates.
2 November 1920	Second party Soviet war materials arrived.
4 November 1920	Alterations were made on the election procedure of the Executive Committee. (Until that time ministers were elected with hidden votes of the assembly members. From then on, the ministers were to be chosen from within the candidates indicated by the president of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.)
6 November 1920	On the Eastern Front the Armenians requested a truce.
7 November 1920	The units of the Eastern Front occupied Gümrü. (Alexandropol)
8 November 1920	The Armenians didn’t accept the peace provisions proposed by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
8 November 1920	The decision was made for the appointment of Ali Fuat Pasha to Moscow as the Turkish Ambassador to the Soviet Union.
8 November 1920	It was decided to continue the war with a regular army.
9 November 1920	The Western Front was divided into two parts. (Northern Sector and Southern Sector.) The Northern Sector was given to Ismet Bey (Inönü), who also combined the functions of Commander of the Western Front and of Chief of the General staff. The Southern Sector was given to Refet Bey.(Later on Refet Bey became, as it was renamed, the Commander of the Southern Front.)
11 November 1920	The headquarters of the Eastern Front was moved to Gümrü.
12 November 1920	The Turkish forces entered Igdi after Armenians evacuated it.
15 November 1920	Sheik Sunusi of Libya arrived to Ankara.
15 November 1920	Islahiye was liberated.
18 November 1920	Armistice was signed with Armenia.
18 November 1920	The Turkish Grand National Assembly issued a declaration against imperialism.
20 November 1920	General Papulas was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief of the Greek armies in Turkey.
21 November 1920	Ali Fuat Pasha became the Turkish Ambassador for Moscow.
22 November 1920	The Greek Commander -in- Chief arrived to Izmir.
25 November 1920	"The prevention of unnecessary expenditures in the weddings" law was passed in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
27 November 1920	Disobedience of Cerkez Ethem and his units came to light with a letter written by his brother Tevfik to Western Front Commander and to Mustafa Kemal.
29 November 1920	The "Independence Medal" law was accepted.
1 December 1920	Demirci Mehmet Efe started a revolt.
3 December 1920	The Treaty of Gümrü was signed between Turkey and Armenia, drawing the frontiers.
3 December 1920	Mamure was liberated.
4 December 1920	Meetings held in Eskisehir between Mustafa Kemal, Ismet Inönü and the brother of Cerkez Ethem, the Deputy Cerkez Resit.
5 December 1920	The Bilecik meeting held between Izzet (Furgac), Salih (Hulusi Kezrak), who came from Istanbul, and Mustafa Kemal.
6 December 1920	The ones who had participated in the Bilecik meeting were taken to Ankara.
9 December 1920	The Central Army was established. Nurettin Pasha became its commander.
11 December 1920	A military unit was sent on Demirci Mehmet Efe.
13 December 1920	The Eastern Front Headquarters was moved to Kars.
16 December 1920	Demirci Mehmet Efe was defeated.
19 December 1920	After the plebiscite held on 5 December, Constantine arrived in Athens as the King of the Greeks.
24 December 1920	To straighten up Cerkez Ethem, an Advice Committee was sent to Kütahya.
27 December 1920	Cerkez Ethem revolt began.
29 December 1920	Kütahya was cleared out from the Ethem's forces by the Turkish Grand National Assembly forces.

1921

6 January 1921	The Greeks started to move towards Eskisehir.
6-10 January 1921	The First Battle of Inönü and the victory.
9 January 1921	Bilecik was occupied by the Greeks.
17 January 1921	The Turkish Delegation went to Tbilisi for negotiations.
17 January 1921	The Turkish Grand National Assembly issued a circular concerning the rebel Ethem.
20 January 1921	The first constitution was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 January 1921	Units of Cerkez Ethem were defeated completely.
23 January 1921	The ship "Alemdar" sailed from Istanbul to Black Sea to join to the National Struggle. (During this time the ship had fell under the French's hand but on 28 January, it was rescued by the ship's unarmed crew. )
24 January 1921	The rebel Ethem revolt was suppressed.
24 January 1921	Fevzi Pasha was appointed as the president of the Executive Committee.
26 January 1921	The Entente States asked from the Grand Vizier Tevfik Pasha to send a delegation to the London Conference.
28-29 January 1921	After arriving to Turkey, Mustafa Suphi and his friends who were returning to Russia by sea, were caught and killed at sea by the men of Yahya Kahya. (This incident, from time to time, was used against Mustafa Kemal and Kazim Karabekir as negative propaganda.)
29 January 1921	Turkish Delegation moved from Tbilisi to Baku.
31 January 1921	Bekir Sami's committee returned from Moscow to Ankara.
5 February 1921	Ankara decided to send a delegation to London Conference.
6 February 1921	During a talk with the reporter of "The sovereignty of the People" newspaper, Mustafa Kemal said, "Communism is a social subject."
6 February 1921	"The Sovereignty of the People" became a daily newspaper. (For some time it was not published on Sundays, and on the fierce days of the war it started to publish supplementaries, and later on it had become a complete daily newspaper.)
8 February 1921	The Turkish Grand National Assembly accepted the title of "Gazi-the victorious fighter" to be given to the city of Ayintap (now Antep) due to its heroic resistance demonstrated against the enemy.
9 February 1921	Gaziayintap (Now Gaziantep) surrendered to the French after signing an agreement.
10 February 1921	Mustafa Kemal departed for the Front. (Returned back on 15 February.)
17 February 1921	All the Independence Tribunals, except the one in Ankara, were abolished.
21 February 1921	London Conference began.
22 February 1921	Turk-Soviet negotiations started.
23 February 1921	The Government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly gave an ultimatum to Georgia for the evacuation of Ardahan, Artvin and Batum.
25 February 1921	The Red Army entered to Tbilisi.
26 February 1921	Turkish-Soviet negotiations started.
28 February 1921	The first budget was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (The year 1920 budget was 630.149,58 Turkish Liras. On 11 September 1920, a "Temporary 6 Months' Budget Law" was passed.)
1 March 1921	Treaty of Amity was signed with Afghanistan in Moscow. The Commander of the Western Front Ismet Bey was promoted to General.
2 March 1921	Dr. Adnan Bey became the vice president of the Assembly.
6 March 1921	Kocgir revolt began. (It was suppressed on 17 June 1921.)
7 March 1921	Ahmet Izzet and Salih Pashas were released.
11 March 1921	The Eastern Front forces occupied Batum.
12 March 1921	The London Conference ended.
12 March 1921	The National Anthem, "The March of Independence" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 March 1921	The Eastern Front forces occupied Ahiska.
15 March 1921	Talat Pasha was killed in Berlin.
16 March 1921	Treaty of Moscow was signed between the Government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the Soviet Union.
18 March 1921	After the Georgians attacked the Turkish Nationalist Forces, the Red Army units entered to Batum.
21 March 1921	Due to having connections with the leftist organization called "The Green Army" immunity of Tokat deputy Nazim (Resmor), Afyon deputy Mehmet Sükrü (Koc) and Bursa deputy Servet abolished in a secret session of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
23 March 1921	The Greek assault started at the Bursa and Usak fronts.
25 March 1921	Sapanca was occupied by the Greeks.
26 March 1921	Adapazari was occupied by the Greeks.
28 March 1921	Our Eastern units evacuated Batum, Ahiska and Ahilkelek.
7-8 April 1921	Afyon was taken back from the Greeks.
12 April 1921	To protest the Greek cruelty in Anatolia, Mustafa Kemal issued a declaration for the world humanity.
12 April 1921	Mehmet Emin (Yurdakul) and Yusuf Akcura arrived to Ankara.
13 April 1921	The battle of Dumlupinar started between the Turkish and the Greek forces.
15 April 1921	Ahmet Anzavur was killed in Bandirma area. (The Sultan had given him the title of "pasha.")
18 April 1921	Ismail Fazil Pasha died. (Father of Ali Fuat Cebesoy, the Minister of Public Works.)
22 April 1921	In a statement given to The Sovereignty of the People newspaper Mustafa Kemal said "The freedom and the independence are my character."
23 April 1921	"To accept the 23 April as a national holiday" law was passed from the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
27 April 1921	Izmit was occupied by the Greeks.
28 April 1921	Ziya Gökalp and his 39 friends, who had been released by the British from Malta, arrived in Istanbul.
30 April 1921	The French woman journalist, Geoges Berthe Gaulis arrived in Ankara. (She was seen by Mustafa Kemal. She wrote articles and books in favour of the Republic.)
3 May 1921	The Western Front was united again.
8 May 1921	Bekir Sami Bey resigned from the Minister of External Affairs.
9 May 1921	Cerkez Ethem was sentenced to death.
10 May 1921	In the Turkish Grand National Assembly Mustafa Kemal and his friends formed the "Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Group" that is known as the "First Group"(The next day Mustafa Kemal was selected as the president of the Group. The second group had consisted of the opposition.)
13 May 1921	The High Commissaries (Pell,Rumbold and Garroni) of the Entente States in Istanbul declared both of the straits as "Demilitarized Zone".
16 May 1921	Yusuf Kemal became the Minister of External Affairs.
19 May 1921	A new cabinet was formed under the presidency of Fevzi Pasha.
24 May 1921	Mustafa Sagir (who had come to Ankara as the representative of India's Moslems, but it had been found out that, in fact he was a spy and his mission was to kill Mustafa Kemal) was executed.
25 May 1921	The Italians had withdrawn from Marmaris.
1 June 1921	The Italians started to withdraw from Antalya Region.
9 June 1921	The representative of France, Franklin Bouillon arrived in Ankara.
12 June 1921	The Greek King Constantine arrived in Izmir.
13 June 1921	Capanoglu Halit Bey was executed in Amasya.
13 June 1921	The Turkish Grand National Assembly appointed Mustafa Kemal as the Commander-in Chief.
17 June 1921	Kocgiri revolt was suppressed.
18-19 June 1921	Paris negotiations started. (The three big states offered Greece to be her mediator.)
21 June 1921	The Greeks were withdrawn from Adapazari.
21 June 1921	The French evacuated Zonguldak.
28 June 1921	The Turkish forces entered to Izmit.
30 June 1921	Child's Welfare Association was established.
5 July 1921	The Greek King Constantine gave the order of attack. The Italians completely withdrew from Antalya.
7 July 1921	The Greek King Constantine went to the Front.
8 July 1921	The battle of Kütahya-Eskisehir started.
10 July 1921	The Greek forces started a general attack.
13 July 1921	The battle of Afyon-Altintas.
15 July 1921	With the order of the Western Front Commander the Turkish Armed forces withdrawn.
16 July 1921	The Education System Congress began in Ankara and Mustafa Kemal made the opening speech.
17 July 1921	Mustafa Kemal Pasha inspected the Front.
18 July 1921	Mustafa Kemal arrived from Ankara to the headquarters of the Western Front in Karacahisar.
24 July 1921	The Western Front headquarters was moved to Polatli.
25 July 1921	The Turkish Army withdrew to the east of the Sakarya river.
26 July 1921	The Greeks decided to attack Ankara.
5 August 1921	The law, granting Mustafa Kemal as the Commander-in-Chief for a three-month period with wide authority, had passed.
7-8 August 1921	Mustafa Kemal Pasha, as per the authority given to him by the law of the Commander-in Chief, issued the National Obligation orders and informed the public for the materials to be given to the Army.
8 August 1921	Ali Fethi (Okyar) returned from Malta to Ankara.
9 August 1921	42 Regiment arrived to Ankara.
12 August 1921	Mustafa Kemal went to Alagöz headquarters.
12 August 1921	Mustafa Kemal and Fevzi (Cakmak) Pasha arrived to the Front's headquarters in Polatlı. (While over there, Mustafa Kemal falls down from the horse and injures himself, than goes to Ankara for medical treatment. After that he had returned back to the front on 17 August 1921.)
14 August 1921	Sivrihisar was occupied by the Greeks.
15 August 1921	The Greek King Constantine ordered to move towards Ankara.
18 August 1921	Halide Edip's request for a duty at the Front was accepted by Mustafa Kemal.
23 August 1921	The Battle of the Sakarya, which will last for 22 days and 22 nights, began.
28 August 1921	Delibas Mehmet was killed.
11 September 1921	The Greek forces started to withdraw.
13 September 1921	The Victory of Sakarya.
14 September 1921	The mobilization was declared. The Group organization was abolished and a new structure formed as an Army Corps.
17 September 1921	The Greek Army started to withdraw towards Eskisehir
18 September 1921	Mustafa Kemal returned to Ankara.
19 September 1921	Mustafa Kemal Pasha was given the title of Gazi-The Victorious Fighter, and he was promoted to Field Marshal.
21 September 1921	The Turkish Army moved to the west of the Sakarya river.
24 September 1921	Franklin Bouillon came to Ankara on the 21 September and started to meet with Gazi Mustafa Kemal.
26 September 1921	The meetings started at Kars between Kazim Karabekir and the representatives of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Soviet Union.
5 October 1921	Ali Ihsan (Sabis), who was returned from Malta, arrived to Ankara.
7 October 1921	First Army, linked to the Western Front, was formed.
13 October 1921	Kars Treaty was signed between the government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the Caucasus Republics (Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia).
20 October 1921	Ankara Treaty was signed between the Government of The Turkish Grand National Assembly and the government of France.
23 October 1921	An agreement was signed in Istanbul between the representative of Ankara, Hamit Bey and the representative of Britain, Sir H. Rumbold for the exchange of the British prisoners of war and the Turks who were prisoners in Malta. (The released Malta prisoners arrived to Inebolu on 31 October.)
31 October 1921	The law extending the Commander-in-Chief title of Gazi Mustafa Kemal three more months was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
1 November 1921	It was decided by the Turkish Grand National Assembly to present a gift to Pierre Loti who supported the Turkish cause.
12 November 1921	Hamdullah Suphi was resigned from the Minister of Education.
15 November 1921	Rauf Bey who was returned from the exile joined to the Assembly.
21 November 1921	The Turkish Grand National Assembly decided to thank the French journalist G. B. Gaulis.
5 December 1921	Adana entered into the control of the Ankara Government.
7 December 1921	The French started to withdraw from Kilis.
8 December 1921	Fourth Meletios was elected as the Fener (a district) Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Istanbul.
11 December 1921	The "Anatolian Society" whose objective was to stop Anatolian movement that was forming in Istanbul, suggested to the Greek High Commissary to form a temporary government on the behalf of the Sultan in the Greek occupied areas.
13 December 1921	The Ukrainian Committee under the presidency of General Frunze arrived to Ankara.
24 December 1921	Osmaniye was liberated from the French occupation.
20 December 1921	The Turkish Flag was hoisted to the Army Corps building.
25 December 1921	Liberation of Gaziantep.
27 December 1921	The French withdrew from Tarsus.

1922

22 May 1922	The San Remo Conference decisions were rejected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
2 January 1922	A Friendship Pact was signed between the Ankara Government and the Ukrainian Government.
4 January 1922	Adana was evacuated. (The Turkish Army entered Adana on 5 January.) Mersin and Dörtyol were liberated. (On 1973 the liberation day of Adana had been changed to 20 December.)
10 January 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal gave a long statement to Vakit newspaper referring to his life and to his memoirs.
1 February 1922	It was decided to liberate Mosul.
4 February 1922	The period of the "Commander-in Chief" law was extended for another three months.
16 February 1922	The Central Army was abolished.
19 February 1922	Kazim Karabekir suggested forming a third Assembly consisting of specialists.
1 March 1922	The Turkish Grand National Assembly began its third year.
1 March 1922	Rauf Bey became Vice-President of the Assembly.
4 March 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal left Ankara to inspect the Front.
15 May 1922	Mustafa Kemal visited the Western Front.
22-26 March 1922	Paris Conference. On the 22 of March, the Entente States proposed an armistice to the Turks and the Greeks.
26 March 1922	The allies proposed some changes on the Treaty of Sevres.
30 March 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, together with Ismet (Inönü) Pasha, returned to Cay from Aksehir.
12 April 1922	After the students' request of changing some of the lecturers who were offending the nationalist feelings, the Istanbul University was temporarily closed.
13 April 1922	The Italians started to evacuate the Söke Region.
14 April 1922	Yusuf Izzet Pasha died.
17 April 1922	Mustafa Kemal returned from the Western Front Headquarters to Ankara.
21 April 1922	Söke was occupied by the Greeks.
25 April 1922	Western Thrace Defence of Rights society was formed.
26 April 1922	The Turkish sailors captured a Greek ship.
6 May 1922	The period of the "Commander-in Chief" law was extended a second time for another three months.
11 May 1922	Hasan Bey became the Minister of Economics (Min. of Finance).
2 June 1922	After his return from Moscow, Ali Fuat Pasha conversed with Mustafa Kemal in Ankara.
3 June 1922	The Turkish Grand National Assembly decided to let the Greek cruelty be known to the world.
4 June 1922	The General Hajianestis was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief of the Greek Armies in Anatolia.
7 June 1922	The warship Averof together with two other Greek ships bombed Samsun.
11 June 1922	The Greek Armies Commander-in-Chief General Hajianetis arrived in Afyon.
14 June 1922	Mustafa Kemal saw his Mother in Adapazari.
17 June 1922	Ismet Pasha asked for Ali Ihsan Pasha to be released from his duties.
18 June 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal met with the French writer Claude Farere in Izmit. (On 21 January 1922, the Turkish Grand National Assembly decided to thank the writer who supported the Turks.)
20 June 1922	Fahrettin Pasha replaced Ali Ihsan Pasha as the Commander in proxy of the 1. Army.
24 June 1922	Mustafa Kemal returned from Adapazari to Ankara, and brought his mother with him.
29 June 1922	Nurettin Pasha was appointed to the command of the 1. Army.
3 July 1922	Ali Ihsan Pasha was sent to Independence Tribunal for adjudication.
8 July 1922	In the Turkish Grand National Assembly, it was decided that the Executive Committee should be elected with secret voting, without the designation of the president of the Assembly as candidates.
13 July 1922	Dr. Adnan Bey became the vice-president of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 July 1922	During a feast given in Colonel Mougin's residence, in honour of the French National Holiday, Gazi Mustafa Kemal gave a long speech.
16 July 1922	During the Anatolia and Defence of Rights Group meeting Gazi Mustafa Kemal became the Permanent Chairman and Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Pasha became the Chairman of the Group. The principles of the National Pact were accepted as the base.
20 July 1922	The Commander-in-Chief authorities of Gazi Mustafa Kemal were extended for an unlimited time.
21 July 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal left Ankara for the Western Front.
23 July 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal arrived in Aksehir.
25 July 1922	The Commander of the General Staff Fevzi Pasha arrived to the Western Front at Aksehir.
27 July 1922	Mustafa Kemal Pasha gave an order to prepare for the attack.
29 July 1922	Some of the lecturers were expelled from the University of Istanbul due to words used by them and their behaviour against the national feelings.
29 July 1922	The Entente States informed Greece by sending her a diplomatic note that they will not allow Greece to occupy Istanbul.
30 July 1922	The final amendments for the offensive plans and the decision of the Commander-in Chief for the date of attack as 26 August 1922.
30 July 1922	In Izmir, the Greek High Commissioner announced the founding of "ionia"State. (The Governments of Istanbul and Ankara, and also the Entente States protested this decision within the month of August.)
31 July 1922	The law that reorganizes the Independence Tribunals was passed from the Assembly.
4 August 1922	Enver Pasha was killed in Turkestan during an action against the Bolsheviks.
6 August 1922	The Western Front Commander Ismet (Inönü) Pasha gave a secret order to the armies for the preparation of attack.
6 August 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal returned to Ankara.
7 August 1922	Fevzi Pasha returned to Ankara.
7 August 1922	The British High Commissioner Sir H. Rumbold spoke with Vahdeddin. The Sultan requested from him for the regions occupied by the Greeks to be given to his government and to assist him for suppressing of the movement in Anatolia.
13 August 1922	The move of the headquarters of the General Staff from Ankara to Western Front.
14 August 1922	Celaleddin Arif Bey resigned from the chairmanship.
16 August 1922	The headquarters of the General Staff began working in Aksehir.
17 August 1922	The Commander-in Chief Mustafa Kemal Pasha departed from Ankara to the Front.
20 August 1922	The Commander-in Chief arrived to Aksehir.
24 August 1922	The headquarters moved from Aksehir to Sühut.
25 August 1922	Mustafa Kemal Pasha informed to Rauf Bey (The Premier) that the armies will start their offensive the next day.
26 August 1922	The Great Offensive began at 05:30 hours with the artillery fire.
26 August 1922	Iznik was liberated.
27 August 1922	Afyon was liberated.
30 August 1922	The pitched battle of the Commander-in-Chief at Dumlupinar won.
31 August 1922	After the evaluation of the latest situation by Mustafa Kemal, Fevzi and Ismet Pashas, the Commander-in-Chief gave the chase order.
1 September 1922	The order of the Commander-in Chief Mustafa Kemal: Armies...! Our first target is the Mediterranean.Forward...!
2 September 1922	The Greek Commander-in-Chief Trikopis was captured near Calköy.
3 September 1922	The name of "Battle of the Commander-in Chief" given to the battle fought on the 30th of August.
3 September 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal arrived from Dumlupinar to Usak.
4 September 1922	The Greeks burned Aksehir. Sögüt and Kula were liberated.
5 September 1922	Bilecik was liberated.
6 September 1922	The black cloth that was covering the rostrum of the Turkish Grand National Assembly after the Greek occupation of Bursa on 8 July 1920 was removed.
6 September 1922	Polyemekalis, who was appointed by Greece as the Commander-in-Chief to the Greek Anatolian armies arrived in Izmir.
7 September 1922	The Entente States appealed to Ankara Government and asked for an armistice. They told Greece to free Anatolia as the conditional clause.
7 September 1922	The government in Greece resigned. Kalogeropoulus formed the new cabinet.
7 September 1922	The liberation of Aydın.
8 September 1922	The liberation of Manisa.
9 September 1922	Izmir was taken back.
10 September 1922	Entry of Mustafa Kemal Pasha to Izmir.
10 September 1922	The liberation of Bursa.
12 September 1922	The Commander-in Chief of the British Mediterranean Fleet Admiral Brock, in a letter addressed to Mustafa Kemal, asked whether or not Ankara is in war with the British. (Gazi Mustafa Kemal, in reply to that letter on 13 September, stated that two countries would be able to establish political relations.)
13 September 1922	The announcement of Gazi Mustafa Kemal to the nation. (While congratulating the nation, he also gave the salutations of the army from Izmir, Bursa and the horizons of the Mediterranean.)
14 September 1922	Mustafa Kemal was given the dignity of the "Fellow Townsmen" of Izmir.
15 September 1922	Ayvalik and some other small towns were liberated from the occupation.
15 September 1922	The British Cabinet, decided to send a notification to Mustafa Kemal for not to attack the neutral zones and to ask for a conference meeting.
17 September 1922	The Turkish units entered Bandirma.
18 September 1922	The Entente States gave a diplomatic note to Ankara Government to comply with the neutrality of the zones in the straits and in Istanbul.
18 September 1922	Erdek and Biga were liberated from the Greek occupation.
19 September 1922	The Commander-in-Chief met with the General Pelle in Izmir.
19 September 1922	The French and the Italians evacuated the Anatolian shore.
20 September 1922	The French and the Italians withdrew from Canakkale.
23 September 1922	The first diplomatic note of the Entente States after the victory.
24 September 1922	Damat Ferid escaped from the country.
24 September 1922	The Turkish forces entered the neutral zone.
27 September 1922	General Harrington informed Gazi Mustafa Kemal that the Greek Naval Fleet was asked to sail out from Istanbul.
27 September 1922	Revolution in Greece. The King Constantine left the throne.
28 September 1922	After the warranty given by Franklin Bouillon, the Turkish armies' movement towards the straights were stopped.
29 September 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, in reply to the diplomatic note of the Entente States' of 23 September, informed the acceptance of the Mudanya Conference and also informed that Ismet (Inönü) Pasha was appointed as the delegate.
30 September 1922	Ismet Pasha departed for Mudanya as the delegate of the Conference.
1-2 October 1922	Franklin Bouillon held a meeting with the Entente States' extraordinary commissariats.
3-11 October 1922	Mudanya Conference.
4 October 1922	The Turkish Grand National Assembly gave an extensive reply to the Entente States' diplomatic note of 23 September.
5 October 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal accepted the fellow township of Ankara that was offered to him.
5 October 1922	Fethi Bey became the Minister of Internal Affairs.
7 October 1922	Paris resolutions.
9 October 1922	The French and the Italian delegates held a private meeting with Ismet Pasha.
10 October 1922	Ismet Pasha received the authority to sign a treaty.
10 October 1922	Mustafa Kemal Pasha sent a reply message to Franklin Bouillon.
11 October 1922	The Mudanya Armistice was signed.
14 October 1922	The Mudanya Armistice was accepted by the Greek government.
15 October 1922	Mudanya Armistice came into force.
15 October 1922	The Greeks started to evacuate the Eastern Thrace.
16 October 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal departed to Bursa.
19 October 1922	Refet (Bele), who was given the task of taking over the Thrace, arrived in Istanbul.
19 October 1922	The British Premier Lloyd George had fallen from the power. On 23 October Bonar Law formed a new cabinet.
23 October 1922	The take over dates of Eastern Thrace were determined.
26 October 1922	Ismet Pasha became the Minister of External Affairs.
26 October 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal thanked the Faculty of Literature of the Istanbul University who gave him the Honorary Professorship.
27 October 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal gave a speech to the teachers in Bursa.
27 October 1922	Ismet Pasha left the Command of the Western Front.
27 October 1922	Fevzi (Cakmak) Pasha was appointed to the Command of the Western Front. He also kept the duty and the title of the Commander of the General Staff.
28 October 1922	The Entente States asked from the Ankara and Istanbul governments for delegates to be sent for the conference to be held at Lausanne. (On 29 October, the Ankara government informed them that they accepted the proposition.)
30 October 1922	The General Assembly resolution of "The extinction of the Ottoman Empire and the formation of the government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly."
30 October 1922	The last meeting of the Council of Ministers held in Istanbul.(A resolution concerning the military medical students was passed.)
31 October 1922	Eastern Thrace was started to be handed over to the Turkish Gendarmerie and civilian officials. Corlu and Silivri were handed over.
1 November 1922	The Turkish Gendarmerie units started to take new positions in the region of the Dardanelles and in the other areas.
1 November 1922	The sovereignty was abolished.
4 November 1922	In Istanbul, after the resignation of the Tevfik Pasha's cabinet, the last Ottoman government was abolished. Istanbul entered into the authority of the Ankara Government.
4 November 1922	The last issue of the Government Gazette of the Ottoman Government, the "Takvim-i Vekayi" was published.
4 November 1922	Ismet (Inönü) Pasha informed the abolition of the sovereignty to the Entente States.
5 November 1922	Refet (Bele) ordered all the administrations in Istanbul to put an end to all their works. This way, the Istanbul government was ended.
5 November 1922	The Lausanne delegation left Ankara.
6 November 1922	The laws accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly were put into practise in Istanbul and at Thrace.
9 November 1922	The Lausanne delegation left Istanbul.
10 November 1922	Liberation of Kirklareli from the occupation.
10 November 1922	The last salutation ceremony was made for VI. Mehmet Vahdeddin.
11 November 1922	The Turkish delegation arrived to Lausanne.
16 November 1922	The last Sultan Vahdeddin sent a letter to the Occupation Armies Commander-in-Chief Harrington stating that his life was in danger in Istanbul and would like to take shelter in Britain.
17 November 1922	Vahdeddin escaped from Istanbul with the British warship Malaya.
18 November 1922	Vahdeddin was deprived from the caliphate by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and Abdül Mejid Efendi was selected as Caliph.
20 November 1922	The commencement of the Lausanne Conference.
21 November 1922	The first session of the Lausanne Conference was made.
25 November 1922	Edirne was liberated from the occupation.
26 November 1922	Canakkale was liberated from the occupation.
28 November 1922	The resolution, stating the abolition of the "tugra" (the Sultan's signature or the seal) and the name of the Sultan on the official documents and replacing it with the seal and the signature of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on all the official documents signed on behalf of the nation, was issued.
28 November 1922	In Greece, the cabinet members and the Commander-in-Chief, Hajianestis were sentenced to death due to the cause of the defeat of the Greek Armies.
30 November 1922	In accordance with the Mudanya Armistice, handing over the Eastern Thrace procedures was completed.
2 December 1922	On the proposal given by three deputies for the change of the election law, Gazi Mustafa Kemal spoke in The Turkish Grand National Assembly.
6 December 1922	Dr. Adnan Bey has resigned from the vice-presidency of th Turkish Grand National Assembly.
6 December 1922	Gazi Mustafa Kemal revealed to journalists of the Sovereignty of the People, Advice and to the New day newspapers that he was going to form the People's Party.
13 December 1922	Ali Fuat Pasha has been selected as the vice-president of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
16 December 1922	Dr. Adnan Bey became the Istanbul representative of the government.
22 December 1922	The Commander-in-Chief ordered Army to be ready in the case of the interruption of the Lausanne Conference.

1923

14 January 1923	Mustafa Kemal's mother Zübeyde Hanim died in Izmir and buried in the district of Karsiyaka.
14-20 January 1923	Mustafa Kemal went for a Western Anatolia trip.
27 January 1923	Mustafa Kemal arrived to Izmir.
29 January 1923	Mustafa Kemal Pasha married with Latife Hanim. (Divorced on 5 August 1925.)
30 January 1923	The agreement signed by Turkey and Greece for the return of the civilian prisoners and for the exchange of prisoners of war.
4 February 1923	The breakdown of the Lausanne Conference due to the conflicts on certain important points.
7 February 1923	Mustafa Kemal addressed the people from the Zagnos Pasha Mosque in Balikesir.
16 February 1923	The Lausanne delegation returned back to Istanbul.
17 February 1923	The "Turkish Economics Congress" held in Izmir.
19 February 1923	Mustafa Kemal, together with Ismet Pasha, went to Ankara.
24 February 1923	The General Directorate of Police was abolished and replaced with Istanbul Police Directorate in province organization level, connected to the General Directorate of Security in Ankara.
27 February 1923	Discussions were made in a closed session in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on the subject of Lausanne Conference. (Discussions again were made on 6 March. On 8 March, the peace proposals of the Ankara government were given to the Entente States representatives.)
28 February 1923	Mustafa Kemal was given the dignity of the "Fellow Townsman" of Istanbul.
1 March 1923	Ali Fuat Pasha once more became the vice-president of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
4 March 1923	The Izmir Economics Congress ended.
15 March 1923	Mustafa Kemal visited Adana.
17 March 1923	Mustafa Kemal went from Adana to Mersin and Tarsus.
20 March 1923	Mustafa Kemal addressed to people in Konya.
21 March 1923	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, during his speech in the Konya Red Crescent Women Branch referred to Woman's Rights.
22 March 1923	Mustafa Kemal Visited Mevlana's (The mystic poet Mevlana Jalal-ud-Din Rumi) tomb while he was in Konya.
27 March 1923	The deputy Ali Sükrü Bey was killed by Topal (Crippled) Osman.
31 March 1923	The Entente States once more asked for a delegation to Lausanne.
31 March 1923	The General Amnesty law pardoning the civilian and the military prisoners of war was passed from the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
1 April 1923	Topal Osman was caught in Ankara at the suburb of Seyranbaglari.
1 April 1923	The Turkish Grand National Assembly decided to repeat the election
8 April 1923	Gazi Mustafa Kemal issued the "Nine Principles". (Those principles that carry the characteristics of an election announcement were published on the name of the Society for the National Defence of Rights in Anatolia and Rumelia.)
9 April 1923	"The Chester Project" which gives certain privileges in return for the building the Eastern Anatolia Railway, was approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (But this project never came to life.)
16 April 1923	The first Turkish Grand National Assembly works ended.
21 April 1923	The delegation under the presidency of Ismet Pasha arrived to Lausanne.
23 April 1923	The second phase of the Lausanne Conference began.
30 May 1923	Antakya, Iskenderun and the Environs Defence of Rights Society formed.
26 June 1923	General Harrington visited Abdül Mejid Efendi.
28 June 1923	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, after the receipt of the certificate of Professorship from the Faculty of Literature of the Istanbul University, sent a telegram expressing his gratitude.
10 July 1923	Fener Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church Meletios escaped to Greece.
12 July 1923	Trade agreement was signed with Poland.
19 July 1923	Gazi Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to Ismet Inönü concerning the topic of the Lausanne Conference.
23 July 1923	Turkey-Poland Friendship Treaty was signed.
24 July 1923	Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed.
29 July 1923	The headquarters of the Western Front moved to Ankara.
4 August 1923	Rauf Bey resigned from the Premiership.
5 August 1923	The Office of the General Staff put its Peace, Emplacement and Establishment plans into practice.
6 August 1923	Agreements signed at Lausanne between Turkey and the United States of America on the subject of extradition and other subjects. (The discussions started on 29 June.)
10 August 1923	Ismet Pasha returned from Lausanne.
11 August 1923	The second work period of the Turkish Grand National Assembly started.
13 August 1923	Mustafa Kemal was elected second time for the presidency of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 August 1923	Fethi Bey formed a new government.
18 August 1923	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, who was also elected from Izmir, accepted to be the deputy of Ankara.
23 August 1923	The Turkish Grand National Assembly has approved the Lausanne Treaty.
1 September 1923	The Western Front headquarters abolished.
9 September 1923	People's Party formed.
15 September 1923	Karaagac was taken back from the Greeks.
20 September 1923	The post offices of foreign states, as the capitulations were envisaged, were abolished.
21 September 1923	Bozcaada (Island of Bozca) was taken back from the Greeks.
22 September 1923	Island of Imroz was taken back from the Greeks.
25 September 1923	The law Number 347 which reveals the procedures to the people who were left out of the national boundaries and who did not participate to the National Struggle was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
27 September 1923	The Military Academy moved to its building at Harbiye District.
2 October 1923	The last units of the Entente States armies left Istanbul.
4 October 1923	The Anatolian Independent Turkish Orthodox leader Pope Eftim issued his declaration which supported the National Government.
4 October 1923	The censorship abolished in Istanbul.
6 October 1923	The Turkish forces under the command of Sükrü Naili (Gökberk) Pasha entered Istanbul.
6 October 1923	The British departed from Canakkale.
13 October 1923	The law, making the city of Ankara the Capital of the country was passed.
13 October 1923	The law creating the "Ministry of Public works, housing and exchange" was passed from the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
24 October 1923	The law expressing the 1 November, the day that the sovereignty abolished, to be counted as the national holiday was accepted.(On 27 May 1935 it was abolished with the law number 2739, revealing the national holidays.)
27 October 1923	Fethi ((kyar) Bey's cabinet resigned.
29 October 1923	Proclamation of the Turkish Republic. Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, with a secret vote and unanimously, was elected as the President of the Republic.
30 October 1923	The first cabinet of the Republic was formed by Ismet (Inönü) as the Premier.
31 October 1923	The law abolishing the mobilisation on 1 November 1923 was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (The mobilization was declared on 13 September 1921.)
1 November 1923	Fethi (Okyar) Bey was elected the president of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 November 1923	The law projecting the move of the Supreme Court was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
19 November 1923	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, with a letter to Ismet (Inönü), requested from him to act as proxy to the presidency of the People's Party
20 November 1923	The People's Party gathered the "Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Society" groups within her organization.
24 November 1923	The heads of the "ismailies" in India, Aga Khan and Emir Ali wrote letters to Ismet (Inönü) Pasha concerning the caliphate.
10 December 1923	The Friendship Pact was signed in Ankara between Turkey and Albania.
15 December 1923	The Friendship Pact was signed in Istanbul between Turkey and Hungary.
26 December 1923	Excluding certain crimes, the general amnesty law was passed from the Turkish Grand National Assembly on the honour of "Victory and Peace".

1924

1 January 1924	Gazi Mustafa Kemal went to Izmir.
2 January 1924	The "Week Day Rest Law" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (Until that date there was no obligation for the week day rest.)
2 January 1924	The journalists were acquitted at the Istanbul Independence Tribunal.
28 January 1924	Turkey-Austria Friendship, Trade and residency pacts were signed.
7 February 1924	The law of Binding pensions to the families of volunteers and military personnel who were martyred during the National Struggle was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
13 February 1924	Some of the journalists who were sentenced by the Istanbul Independence Tribunal were pardoned in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
15-22 February 1924	War games held in Izmir. (Within these days it was decided to abolish Caliphate. Gazi Mustafa Kemal and Ismet (Inönü) discussed on this subject.)
29 February 1924	The last "Friday Salutation Ceremony" held in Istanbul for the Caliph Abdül Mejid.
1 March 1924	In his Opening ceremony speech in the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Gazi Mustafa Kemal stated that the education should be combined and the military should be separated from the politics.
2 March 1924	In the People's Party's group meeting it was talked about the decisions to be made the next day.
3 March 1924	The Caliphate abolished.
3 March 1924	By passing the unification of education law, a unity was achieved in the education.
3 March 1924	The Ministry of Religious Affairs and religious schools was abolished. (The first steps towards a Secular State.)
3 March 1924	The Ministry of the General Staff was abolished. (This way the Office of the General Staff was moved away from the government and the politics.)
5 March 1924	The law of the establishing of the Agriculture and the Trade Ministries was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
8 March 1924	The Turkish Grand National assembly took a decision to give the Medal of Independence to its first term deputies.
13 March 1924	The "Law for the Middle School Teachers (Junior Secondary School)" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
18 March 1924	The "Village Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
30 March 1924	Mehmet Rifat (Börekci) was appointed as the Religious Affaires Director.
1 April 1924	The law stating "The management of the Ergani Copper Mines by the State" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
8 April 1924	A new law was passed for the Abolition of religious courts and replacing them with the Civil Courts.The law became into force at the beginning of May.
13 April 1924	The law for binding pensions to the families of Mithat, Mahmut Sevket, Talat Pashas and to Resit Hikmet Bey and to the families of others for the services given for their country was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
16 April 1924	The Turkish Grand National Assembly with the "Law of the general amnesty" pardoned the people who helped the enemies during the War of Independence.
20 April 1924	The new Constitution was accepted.
21 April 1924	The self management of the University of Istanbul was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 April 1924	The law "Purchasing of the Anatolian railways and forming a general directorate for its operations" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (With this law the modern Turkish Railway was formed. )
23 April 1924	With the meeting of the general assembly in Ankara, the Turkish Nationalist Clubs were re-established. (The first establishment on 25 March 1912. In 1931 they were closed again and People's Houses were established instead. On 1949 they were re-established.)
19 May 1924	The Turkey-Britain negotiations concerning the Turkish-Iraq boundaries started in Istanbul. (It was continued until 5 June, no agreement was reached and the subject was taken to the League of Nations.)
1 June 1924	The cabinet decided to deport the 150 people, who were exempted from the general amnesty declared as per the Lausanne Peace Treaty, because of their operations against the National Struggle.
6 June 1924	With the undertaking of Pope Eftim (Erenerol), the Turkish Orthodox arranged a congress at the church of Panaiya in Istanbul and established the independent Istanbul Turk Orthodox Church. Pope Eftim became the head of the church.
8 August 1924	The Lausanne Treaty came into force.
22 August 1924	The Turkish women's request for appointment to the courts as judges.
25 Agust 1924	Gazi Mustafa Kemal is at the tea party held for the Teachers Association Congress.
26 August 1924	The Is Bank of Turkey was established.
30 August 1924	After a long speech at the ceremony to mark the second anniversary of the Battle of the Commander in Chief at Dumlupınar, Gazi Mustafa Kemal referred to youth, saying : “O! The rising new generation:The future is yours. We established the republic."
30 August 1924	The foundation of the Unknown Soldier Monument was laid down at Dumlupinar.
1 September 1924	The Music Teacher Education school was established in Ankara.
22 September 1924	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, during his address to the teachers of "The Independence Trade School" said, "Knowledge and science are the best guide to everything in the world, to material and to spiritual things, to life, to success. To seek for a guide outside knowledge and science is to show oneself ignorant, blind and misguided."
25 October 1924	Ziya Gökalp died.
26 October 1924	Due to some commanders choosing to join the politics, a crisis occurred.
29 October 1924	The Turkish Grand National Assembly celebrated the anniversary of the republic in its newly constructed second building.
1 November 1924	The Turkish Grand National Assembly started its meetings on November. Before, it was on the 1 of March.
10 November 1924	The People's Party was renamed as People's Republican Party.
17 November 1924	The Progressive Republican Party was formed.
21 November 1924	Ismet (Inönü) Pasha resigned from the premiership. (On 22 November Fethi (Okyar) Bey became Premier. He was on duty until 2 March 1925.)
20 December 1924	The law changing the name of Kirkkilise (Forty Churches) into Kirklareli was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
29 December 1924	The law "Forming the Ministry of Navy" was accepted Turkish Grand National Assembly.

1925

1 January 1925	Gazi Mustafa Kemal departed for Konya.
3 January 1925	Turkey-Latvia Friendship Pact (Warsaw) signed.
11 January 1925	Mustafa Kemal Pasha made a speech in Konya owing to the 4th anniversary of the First Inönü Victory and stated that this victory became a page in our revolutionary history.
11-15 February 1925	Sheik Sait revolt began in the East of the country.
14 February 1925	Halit Pasha, one of the leading commanders of the War Of Independence died. (In a gunfight at the National Assembly building with Ali Çetinkaya)
16 February 1925	Turkish Air Society was established.
17 February 1925	Asar (Crop tax) was abolished.
25 February 1925	The law, stating for religion not to be used as a tool in politics, was accepted.
26 February 1925	The law abolishing "The tobacco monopoly" which was controlled by the French companies, was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
2 March 1925	Fethi (Okyar) Cabinet resigned. Ismet (Inönü) formed the new government on 3 of March. (This incident was connected to the Sheik Sait revolt.)
4 March 1925	The Delivery of Calm (ensuring peace and security, preventing anarchy) law was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
8 March 1925	One of the old ministers of the Ministry of Justice Prof. Seyit died.
9 March 1925	Two more newspapers were closed down on this date after the closure of four newspapers as per the decision of the cabinet on 6 March.
5 April 1925	The law for the establishment of sugar factories was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
17 April 1925	Ankara-Yahsiyan railway was opened and put into service. (And Yahsiyan-Yerköy railway on 20 November.)
19 April 1925	It was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly that 29th October, the day of the declaration of the Republic, will be a national holiday.
19 April 1925	The law of the "Trade, Industry and Mines Bank" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 April 1925	The law of the "Chamber of Trade and Industry" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 April 1925	The law of "Cadastral Survey" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
5 May 1925	The construction of the Gazi Orman Ciftligi-Gazi Forest Farm began at Ankara.
5 May 1925	Manok Manukyan, who was assigned to kill Gazi Mustafa Kemal by the Armenian Committee in Greece, was executed in Ankara.
3 June 1925	The Progressive Republican Party was closed down by the decision and order of the cabinet.
29 June 1925	Sheik Sait and his 46 men were sentenced to death by Diyarbakir Independence Tribunal.
23 August 1925	Mustafa Kemal's first statue was set up at Sarayburnu, Istanbul.
27 August 1925	Mustafa Kemal arrived to Inebolu Turkish Nationalist Club wearing a modern hat. (During his Kastamonu trip he spoke a lot about the dress reform.)
1 September 1925	The first Turkish Medical Congress was assembled.
2 September 1925	The religious convents were closed down.
2 September 1925	In Sivas the reactionists revolted on closing down the convents and on the subject of "hat" (They were punished by the Independence Tribunal.)
4 September 1925	Turkish women were entered into a beauty contest that was organized in a ball in Istanbul for the first time.
13 September 1925	Gazi Mustafa Kemal pardoned the journalists who were in the hearing in the Elazig Independence Tribunal.
1 October 1925	Bursa textile factory was opened with the speech of Gazi Mustafa Kemal.
11 October 1925	The governments decree number 2626, dated 11th October 1925 concerning the instructions for the wearing of the apparel to wear in the official ceremonies.
14 October 1925	During his speech in the Izmir Teachers school f or males, Gazi Mustafa Kemal stated: "The people who save the states are, only and solely, the teachers."
5 November 1925	The Ankara School of Law opened.
14 November 1925	A plaque was placed in the house in Sisli where Gazi Mustafa Kemal lived during the armistice times.
22 November 1925	A decree was taken in the assembly of the Faculty of Literature for forming a Revolution History Section, and for the founding of a Revolution Museum within the University of Istanbul.
23 November 1925	The Council of State was re-formed.
25 November 1925	The "Hat Law" was issued. (The law abolishes the use of religious headgear of the citizens except for the religious officials who are authorized, approved and appointed by the government.)
30 November 1925	The law that was issued for the closure of convents (and also forbidding the use of some religious titles) came into force.
8 December 1925	The Ministry of Education issued a circular on the tendencies of the "Breakdown the Turkish unity". (Not to use the names Kürd, Laz, Circassian, Kürdistan, Lazistan and to contend on these subjects.)
9 December 1925	The law stating the use of "locally produced textiles" was issued in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
17 December 1925	Between Turkey and United Soviet Socialist Republic the Neutrality, Nonaggression Treaty, and the three protocols connected to this, were signed in Paris. (USSR broke this treaty on 7 November 1945.)
26 December 1925	The law stating the use of international calendar and time was accepted.

1926

30 January 1926	Turkey-Chile Friendship pact was signed.
11 February 1926	Mahmut (Soydan) started publishing the "Milliyet" newspaper in Istanbul. (Not the present day's Milliyet newspaper. On 1935 the name of the newspaper was changed to "Tan". The present day's Milliyet began its publishing life on 3 of May 1950.)
17 February 1926	The acceptance of the Turkish Civil Code. (Granting civil rights to women, prohibition of marriages with multi-women, contemporane the jurisprudence system.)
1 March 1926	The new "Turkish Criminal Code" was accepted.
3 March 1926	"The law of Judges" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 March 1926	The memoirs of Gazi Mustafa Kemal started being published in "Hakimiyeti Milliye" newspaper in Ankara and "Milliyet" in Istanbul. After 15 of March the "Cumhuriyet-Republic" started to publish the same.
17 March 1926	The law for "Establishing the Iron Industry" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 March 1926	The "Civil Servant" law was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
24 March 1926	The law envisioning the "Petrol Research and Operation in Turkey" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
1 April 1926	With the "Victory Holiday Law" the 30 of August was accepted as a holiday.
10 April 1926	The law stating that "The obligatory use of Turkish Language in the Economical Establishments" was passed in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 April 1926	The "Debts Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
23 April 1926	Samsun-Kavak railway opened for service.
7 May 1926	Gazi Mustafa Kemal went for a trip round the country.
13 May 1926	The "Fight with Malaria" law was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 May 1926	"The Real Estate and Orphan Bank Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
26 May 1926	The law for the "Civil Servants who had not participated in the National Struggle" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
28 May 1926	"The First Bullet" monument opened in Ödemis.
31 May 1926	"The Settlement Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
2 June 1926	"The General Population Census Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

1927

17 February 1927	The diplomatic notes were traded between Turkey and the USA for the restart of political relations.
2 March 1927	The law, changing the second clause and extending the "Delivery of Calm Law" (ensuring peace and security, preventing anarchy) for two more years, was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
7 March 1927	The Independence Tribunals were abolished.
10 April 1927	Yerköy-Kayseri railway opened for service.
25 May 1927	Turkey-Mexico friendship pact was signed.
28 May 1927	The law stating "150 people who were listed and mentioned in the Lausanne treaty and to be discarded from the Turkish Citizenship" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
1 June 1927	Railways and Sea Ports Administration was established.
16 June 1927	The law concerning the Reserve Officers was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
18 June 1927	The law concerning the jurisprudence system in trials was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
20 June 1927	The law concerning the establishment of "Agriculture and Veterinary Institutes, Read and Write Schools (for adults)" and "Improvement of Practical Agriculture Education" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
21 June 1927	The law, protecting the youngsters from harmful publications, was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
27 June 1927	The law concerning the "Establishment of General Inspectorates" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
30 June 1927	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Ismet Inönü and Kazim Özalp were retired from the military services.
2 August 1927	In the Hague International Court of Justice the trial of Bozkurt-Lotüs began.
27 August 1927	An attempt of malice was planned for Gazi Mustafa Kemal by a group of people lead by Hacı Sami came from the Island of Samos to Anatolia. Haci Sami captured death and his friends were wounded.
12 October 1927	The first US Ambassador for Turkey, Joseph C. Grev gave his letter of credentials to Gazi Mustafa Kemal in Ankara.
15-20 October 1927	Gazi Mustafa Kemal's historical speech in the second congress of the People's Republic Party was given.
19 October 1927	Gazi Mustafa Kemal stated that he will leave all his possessions to the People's Republic Party.
28 October 1927	The first population census was made in Turkey. (The result :13.648.270)
1 November 1927	The third work period of the Turkish Grand National Assembly started. Gazi Mustafa Kemal was selected second time as the President of the Republic.
4 November 1927	Gazi Mustafa Kemal made the openings of his statues in front of the Ethnographical museum and in Yenisehir.
4 November 1927	The King of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan visited Gazi Mustafa Kemal in Ankara.
6 November 1927	Opening of the Bünyan Textile factory.
25 December 1927	The first woman lawyer Süreyya Agaoglu began her duty.

1928

1928	The Amsterdam Olympic Games began. (The first time Turkey received the fourth place in the Olympics by Tayyar Yalaz.)
8 January 1928	The Minister of Justice Mahmut Esat (Bozkurt) spoke about the Latin alphabet in Ankara Turkish Nationalist Club
16 January 1928	The Turkish Grand National Assembly accepted the combining of the Trade and the Agriculture Ministries as the Ministry of Economics.
29 January 1928	The Bursa American College for girls closed down by the decision of the cabinet because of the religious propaganda made to the students.
31 January 1928	The Turkish Education Society was formed.
3 February 1928	The Friday sermon and prayer began to be read in Turkish in Istanbul.
10 April 1928	The articles concerning the religion in the constitution were removed.
16 April 1928	The first Council of State decision was taken. The former Minister of Navy Ihsan (Topcu) and Dr. Fikret were sentenced by the Council.
19 May 1928	The law for establishing "The School of Engineering" accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
20 May 1928	Gazi Mustafa Kemal declared his speech about the Turkish Alphabet at Sarayburnu.
20 May 1928	The King of Afghanistan Amanullah Khan and the Queen accepted by Gazi Mustafa Kemal in Istanbul.
22 May 1928	Turkey-Afghanistan Friendship and Cooperation pact was signed.
23 May 1928	The "Revenue Stamp Tax" law was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
24 May 1928	The Indian origin modern numerical figures were accepted.
28 May 1928	The laws, opening of People's Schools and the Turkish Citizenship were accepted.
4 June 1928	Gazi Mustafa Kemal arrived in Istanbul.
13 June 1928	An agreement was made with the concerned in Paris for the General foreign debts.
8 August 1928	Hakki Sinasi opened the Taksim Monument in Istanbul.
11 August 1928	The new alphabet lessons were given at Dolmabahce.
25 August 1928	During the gathering of the Fourth Teachers Association Congress, teachers took an oath for teaching the new Turkish alphabet.
2 September 1928	Kütahya-Tavsanli railway opened for service.
21 September 1928	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, with a letter sent to the Prime Ministry, asked for the use of the new Turkish alphabet.
29 September 1928	The Turkish alphabet was published.
1 November 1928	The acceptance of the new Turkish alphabet (the Latin letters)
31 December 1928	The agreement for the purchases of the Anatolian and Mersin-Tarsus-Adana railways, and the port of Hardarpasa were approved by a law in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

1929

1 January 1929	The Public Schools opened.
4 January 1929	Turkey-Uruguay Friendship Pact was signed.
17 February 1929	Ismet (Inönü) Pasha made a pure Turkish speech in the Scientific Technical Terms Committee.
4 March 1929	The "Delivery of Calm" (ensuring peace and security, preventing anarchy) law was abolished.
9 April 1929	The criminal Trials Fundamentals law was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
24 April 1929	The debt and bankruptcy law was accepted.
13 May 1929	The "Trade Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
1 June 1929	The Turkish Alphabet began to be used in government correspondence.
10 June 1929	The law concerning the "Construction of Roads and Bridges" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
5 August 1929	Gazi Mustafa Kemal departed from Ankara for his trip to Istanbul by train.
30 August 1929	The Unknown Soldier Monument was opened in Dumlupinar.
1 September 1929	The Arabic and Persian language courses were abolished from the schools.
2 September 1929	For the first time a Beauty Contest was held in Turkey. (Ms. Feriha Tevfik was the first Beauty Queen.)
9 September 1929	Fevzi Pasa-Gölbasi railway opened for service.
29 November 1929	Gazi Mustafa Kemal Statue was opened in Tekirdag.
30 November 1929	Gazi Mustafa Kemal met with the German historian Emil Ludwig.

1930

30 January 1930	The National Economy and Research Society was formed.
1 February 1930	Kayseri-Sarkisla railway opened for service.(Ankara-Kayseri-Sivas railway was opened by Ismet (Inönü) in Sivas.)
1 February 1930	The law concerning the "General Directorate of the Statistics and its duties and authorities" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (In 1962 it was renamed as "The Government Statistics Institute".)
20 February 1930	"The protection of the value of the Turkish Currency" law was accepted.
31 March 1930	Ms. Afet (Inan) was the first woman member enrolled to the Party.
3 April 1930	The "Municipality Law" recognizing the Turkish women to select and to be selected, was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
24 April 1930	"The General hygiene law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
29 April 1930	The first woman judges, Nezahet (Güreli) and Ms. Beyhan, were appointed to the Court of First Instance.
22 May 1930	A gold new Turkish alphabet plaque was presented to Gazi Mustafa Kemal by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (This plaque is, at present, exhibited in the Anitkabir mausoleum.)
22 May 1930	The Military Criminal Code law was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
9 June 1930	The Tobacco Monopoly Law was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
11 June 1930	The Turkish Republic Central Bank Law was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
20 June 1930	The reactionary movement began at the Ziylan sub district by the drive of the bandits who crossed over from the Iranian border. (The Eastern Revolt of 1930)
18 July 1930	The Ethnographical Museum was opened to public in Ankara.
12 August 1930	Free Republic Party was formed. (Its leader, Fethi (Okyar) after the infiltration of reactionists into the party, it abolished itself on 17 November.)
17 September 1930	Turkey-Lithuania Friendship Pact was signed in Moscow.
29 September 1930	The Public Republic Party was formed in Adana. (It was not permitted to form the "Turkish Republic Workers and Farmers Party" in Edirne.)
27 October 1930	The Greek Prime Minister Venizelos visited Gazi Mustafa Kemal in Ankara.
17 November 1930	The Free Republic Party abolished itself.
23 December 1930	A revolt began against the revolutions. The Reserve Officer-Teacher Kubilay was killed.

1931

15 March 1931	Gölbasi-Malatya railway opened for service.
16 March 1931	The first woman surgeon Dr. Suat received her speciality at the Haseki Nisa hospital after passing her tests.
23 March 1931	The law changing the "The Primary Education Law" dated 23 September 1911, concerning the Turkish Citizen Children's education in the Turkish Primary Schools, was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
26 March 1931	The "Measurements Law" was accepted.
10 April 1931	The extraordinary assembly of the Turkish Nationalist Clubs began. The abolishing of the Turkish Nationalist Clubs was accepted. (Re-formed in 1949)
12 April 1931	With the directive of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Turkish History Investigation Society was formed. (The Turkish History Institution of the present time.)
20 April 1931	In the election notice signed by the general president of the People' Republic Party Gazi Mustafa Kemal, the principle of "Peace at home, peace in the world" appeared.
4 May 1931	The King of Irak Emir Faisal visited Mustafa Kemal in Ankara.
4 May 1931	At the extraordinary meeting of the 6th term of the Turkish Grand National Assembly Gazi Mustafa Kemal for the third time was elected as the President of the Republic.
10-18 May 1931	The People's Republic Party's third grand general assembly gathered.
1 June 1931	Mudanya-Bursa railway was purchased by the government.
19 July 1931	Mustafa Kemal Pasha presided over the gathering of the Turkish History Institution in Ankara.
25 July 1931	The Press Law was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
26 October 1931	Gazi Mustafa Kemal, at the Council of the Balkan Entente (last day of the Second Balkan Conference) said to the delegates: "It is in human, it is regrettable to the highest degree, to throw men at each other's throats allegedly for the happiness of humanity."
29 December 1931	The law for forming "The Customs and Monopoly Ministry" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
29 December 1931	“The law for the constitution of the Ministry of Agriculture” was accepted in the National Assembly.

1932 1932 The Police Organization Law was accepted. 15 January 1932 The statue of Gazi Mustafa Kemal was opened in Samsun. 17 January 1932 One of the Independence War commanders, Dervis Pasha died. 22 January 1932 At the Yerebatan Mosque in Istanbul, the first time Holy Koran was read in Turkish by the Hafiz (The person who reads The Koran from his memory) Yasar (Okur). 28 January 1932 The Balkan Conference began in Istanbul. (Closed on 31 January.) 30 January 1932 Gazi Mustafa Kemal arrived in Istanbul. 1 February 1932 Malatya-Firat railway opened for service. 19 February 1932 The People's Houses were formed. 1 May 1932 National Industry Exhibition was opened in Ankara. 22 May 1932 The Criminal Court of Adana had given death sentences to 34 of the people who had participated in the revolt in the area of Agri (Ararat) Mountain. 12 June 1932 Gazi Mustafa Kemal received Emir Faisal, the general governor of Hedjaz (The region between Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia.) 2 July 1932 The first Turkish History Conference was assembled in the Ankara People's House. 12 July 1932 With the directive of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Turkish Language Investigation Society was established. (The Turkish Language Institution of the present.) 12 July 1932 The King of Yugoslavia Alexandre visited Gazi Mustafa Kemal in Istanbul. 18 July 1932 With the writing, No. Special-636, sent to the office of the Istanbul Mufti by the Directorate of Religious Affairs, information given that the call to prayer and the prayer will be read in Turkish. (On 16 June 1950, the Democrat Party Government, by changing the related article in the law again allowed the prayer to be read in Arabic.) 18 July 1932 Turkey became a member of the League of Nations. 27 July 1932 The statue of Gazi Mustafa Kemal was opened in Izmir with a speech made by Ismet (Inönü). 30 July 1932 Due to lack of money, Turkey was not able to attend the Olympic games held in the USA. 31 July 1932 The Beauty Queen of Turkey Keriman Halis (the surname given by Gazi Mustafa Kemal: Ece-The Queen) became the World Beauty Queen at the event which was held in Belgium. 27 September 1932 Gazi Mustafa Kemal met with General MacArthur. 13 November 1932 Dr. Müfide Kazim became the first woman Government Physician. 3 December 1932 The first director of the Turkish Language Institution Samih Rifat died. 12 December 1932 Adile Ayda became the first woman civil servant of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

1933

15 January 1933	Gazi Mustafa Kemal left Ankara for Eskisehir.
16 January 1933	The Independence War period minister for foreign Affairs Bekir Sami died.
3 February 1933	The first trial of an air journey was made between Istanbul and Ankara.
7 February 1933	The prayers in Istanbul mosques began to be read in Turkish.
25 February 1933	University students in Istanbul.
15 April 1933	Samsun-Carsamba railway opened for service.
20 April 1933	The Istanbul university youth made a show by putting flowers in the Bulgarian cemetery in reply to the Bulgarians who were wrecking the Turkish cemetery.
22 April 1933	An agreement was signed in Paris between the Turkish Republic and the creditors for determining the debts and payment conditions.
31 May 1933	The law abolishing the Istanbul Darülfünun (University of its time) and to form a new university was accepted by the Ministry of Education (The University of Istanbul opened on 1 August.)
3 June 1933	The law for establishing Sümerbank was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
8 June 1933	The law for establishing the Halk Bank was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
10 June 1933	The Ankara Higher Education Agriculture Institute law was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (It Opened on 30 October 1933. The institute tied to the Ankara University as an Agriculture and Veterinary faculty with the supplementary Universities law dated to 30 June 1948.
11 June 1933	The law for the "Celebration of the 10th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
11 June 1933	"Municipalities Bank Law" was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
12 June 1933	The law concerning the purchase of the Izmir Pier Company was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. (The agreement was signed on 3 October 1932.)
12 June 1933	"The law about the exception of His Excellency Gazi Mustafa Kemal’s savings that are in conformity with the 452th clause of the Civil Law refering to the edict about protected shares" was passed in the National Assembly.
20 June 1933	The Ministry of Education took a decision to establish a "Revolution Institute" in the university.
27 July 1933	Gazi Mustafa Kemal met with the former King Amanullah of Afghanistan in Dolmabahce Palace.
14 September 1933	Turkey-Greece pact was signed in Ankara.
26 September 1933	Gazi Mustafa Kemal received Venizelos in Dolmabahce Palace.
4 October 1933	The first Revolution class was given by the Minister of Education, Yusuf Hikmet (Bayur) in the Turkish Revolution Institute.
4 October 1933	Gazi Mustafa Kemal received King of Yugoslavia, 1 Aleksandr and the Queen in the Dolmabahce Palace.
4 October 1933	On account of the 10th anniversary of the Republic, Gazi Mustafa Kemal said his historical oration.
26 October 1933	The rights were given to Turkish Women to select and to be selected for the Village Council.
26 October 1933	The law for pardoning convicts was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
29 October 1933	The 10th anniversary of the Republic was celebrated.
4 November 1933	The house in Salonika, where Mustafa Kemal Pasha was born, became a museum.
18 November 1933	The new "Istanbul University" was opened.
1 December 1933	The Turkish Republics' "First Five Year Industry Plan" prepared by the Ministry of Economy was submitted to the office of the Prime Minister.
5 December 1933	Eskisehir Sugar Factory was opened.
27 December 1933	The Turkish Grand National Assembly accepted the law for putting the late Reserve Officer Kubilay's mother on a salary.

1934

1934	The Police Duty and Delegated Power Law was accepted.
1 February 1934	Gazi Mustafa Kemal arrived in Kirsehir.
9 February 1934	The Balkan entente signed was between Turkey, Greece Yugoslavia and Romania.
4 March 1934	Turkish Revolution Institute began its education in the Istanbul University.
6 March 1934	One of the former Ministers of Education Dr. Resit Galip died.
20 March 1934	The Prime Minister Ismet (Inönü) Pasha lectured on Revolution History in Ankara People's House.
4 April 1934	Turkey-China Friendship pact was signed in Ankara.
15 April 1934	One of the commanders of the Independence War Kemalettin Sami Pasha died.
27 April 1934	Menemen-Bandirma-Manisa railway was purchased. (On 27 of May Basmane-Afyon railway was purchased.)
3 May 1934	One of the first aircrafts constructed in Kayseri Aircraft Factory was flown to Ankara.
14 June 1934	The "Housing Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
16 June 1934	Shah Riza Pahlavi of Iran visited Gazi Mustafa Kemal in Ankara.
21 June 1934	Surname law was accepted.
2 July 1934	"Gathering printing, writing and painting law" came into effect.
13 August 1934	Bakirköy cloth factory was opened.
18 August 1934	Second Turkish Language assembly gathered at Dolmabahce Palace.
30 September 1934	A sulfur factory in Keciborlu and a rose oil factory in Isparta were opened.
3 October 1934	The Swedish heir apparent prince Gustav Adolf was received by Gazi Mustafa Kemal in Ankara.
19 October 1934	Turhal sugar factory was opened.
1 November 1934	Guven monument was opened at Kizilay in Ankara.
20 November 1934	Cloth factory was opened in Konya Eregli.
24 November 1934	The law, giving the ATATÜRK surname to Mustafa Kemal Pasha was accepted.
24 November 1934	With the decision of the cabinet, it was accepted to change the Ayasofya (St. Sophia) mosque into a museum.
26 November 1934	The law removing the form of address of nicknames or titles such as "Efendi, Bey and Pasha" was accepted.
3 December 1934	The law forbidding "the religious functionaries to carry religious appearance outside of their place of worship or during their religious services, whichever religion the functionary belongs" was accepted.
5 December 1934	The law giving rights to the Turkish women for selecting deputies or being selected as a deputy was accepted.

1935

1 January 1935	The Istanbul Pier Company was purchased by the government.
2 February 1935	Ayasofya (St. Sophia) museum was opened to the public.
18 February 1935	The regulation informing the application of the "law stating for not wearing certain clothing" was published.
1 March 1935	Atatürk was selected a fourth time for the Presidency of the Republic.
1 March 1935	The Turkish Grand National Assembly began its 5th term works with the participation of its first woman deputy members.
1 March 1935	Atatürk Statue was opened in Kayseri.
9 April 1935	With the governmental decree number 2/2295, new names of the military ranks (the present day ranks) were determined.
18 April 1935	International Women Congress was held at Istanbul.
27 May 1935	The law stating the national holidays and general rest days was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
2 June 1935	The former Minister of Education and the ambassador Vasif Cinar died.
14 June 1935	The law stating the "Duties and the organization of the Directorate of the Religious Affairs" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 June 1935	The law for the "establishment of the Mineral Investigation and Research Institute" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 June 1935	The "Etibank Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
14 June 1935	The law for establishing the "Electric Works Research Management" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
5 August 1935	Fevzi Pasha-Ergani railway opened for service.
16 September 1935	The Kayseri Clothing Factory was opened.
13 October 1935	The Masonic Lodges in Turkey were closed down by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
21 October 1935	The youth of the Istanbul University executed a protest meeting for the assassination attempt prepared against Atatürk by Cerkez Ethem and his brothers.
23 November 1935	The management of the Istanbul Halic (Golden horn) Company ended its works and the company was passed to the municipality.
29 November 1935	Pasabahce Bottle and Glass Factry was opened.

1936

9 January 1936	Language, History and Geography Faculty was opened by Atatürk.
20 January 1936	During the Industry Congress held in Ankara, the basis of the second Five Year Industry Plan was accepted.
25 January 1936	After the agreement made with the Istanbul Steam Boat Company, the cabotage was passed to the Maritime Management.
6 February 1936	The Turkish Flag started to sway in the Winter Olympic Games in Garmisch Parten-Kirchen for the first time.
21 February 1936	The Izmir Gas Company was opened.
24 March 1936	The Victory Monument was opened in Afyon.
25 March 1936	Afyon-Karakuyu, Bozanönü-Isparta railways opened for service.
9 April 1936	Istanbul Telephone Company was purchased.
6 May 1936	Ankara Government Conservatory was established.
29 May 1936	The Turkish Flag law was accepted.
1 June 1936	The "Banking Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
8 June 1936	As a first important step towards the Social Rights and to the Social Security, "The Labour Law" was accepted.
20 July 1936	The Montreux Convention for the Straits was signed. After this convention, Turkey had regained absolute control over the waterways and the Turkish soldiers entered the nonmilitary zones.
11 August 1936	In the Olympic Games in Berlin, the Turkish Republic got its first gold Olympic medal.
24 August 1936	The third Turkish Language assembly gathered at Dolmabahce Palace.
1 September 1936	Atatürk explained his views of "State Socialism".
4 September 1936	Atatürk donated his farms to the State, and some of his real estate to the Municipality of Ankara.
4-6 September 1936	The king of Great Britain, Edward the 8th, visited Atatürk in Istanbul.
26 October 1936	One of the former commanders of the Independence War, General Sükrü Naili Gökberk died.
1 November 1936	Atatürk explained his views on the "Land Law".
3 November 1936	The Cubuk Dam opened in Ankara.
6 November 1936	The first Paper and Cardboard factory opened in Izmit.
28 November 1936	The contract was signed for purchasing the Eregli Coal Company by the government.
29 November 1936	The Revolution History lessons began in the Law Faculty of Ankara University.
10 December 1936	The Turkish anthracite factory was opened with ceremony in Zonguldak.
27 December 1936	The poet of the National Anthem, Mehmet Akif Ersoy died.

1937

1 January 1937	The Western Railways (Sirkeci-Edirne) were purchased.
27 January 1937	Hatay's independence was accepted at the meeting of the League of the Nations in Geneve.
4 February 1937	The Economy Faculty was opened in the Istanbul University.
5 February 1937	The "Six Arrow" (six principles) went into the Constitution. (After talked over, with the law changing certain articles of the constitution, the six principles were added to the constitution. The amendment which was proposed by the Malatya deputy Ismet Inönü and six of his colleagues changed article two of the constitution as follows: "The State of Turkey is Republican, Nationalist, Populist, State Socialist, Secular and Revolutionist.")
8 February 1937	The "Forest Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
13 February 1937	The house in Salonika, where Atatürk was born, was purchased by the Salonika Municipality and given to the order of Atatürk.
28 February 1937	The General Directorate of Meteorology was established.
3 April 1937	The Foundation laying ceremony of Karabük Iron and Steel factory was held in Karabük.
7 April 1937	Turkey-Egypt Friendship, Residency and Citizenship pact was signed.
15 April 1937	With the Directorate of the Religious Affairs' circular, the provincial governorships were informed for abolishing the "Sala" the Friday noon call for prayer.
23 April 1937	The Atatürk monument was opened at the Reserve Officers School in Istanbul.
4 June 1937	"The Agricultural Bank of the Turkish Republic Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
9 June 1937	The law concerning the opening of a Medical Faculty in Ankara was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
11 June 1937	Atatürk informs the government from Trabzon that he donated all his farms and real estates to the people.
14 June 1937	Hatay's Independence Treaty was approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
15 June 1937	The Labour Law went into effect.
17 June 1937	The contract was signed for the purchase of Kadiköy Water Company.
1 July 1937	Fevzi Pasha-Meydaniekbez and Toprakkale-Iskenderun railways were purchased.
8 July 1937	Saadabad Pact (Nonaggression Pact) was signed in the Saadabad Palace in Tehran between Turkey, Iran, Irak and Afghanistan.
12 September 1937	Seyit Rıza and his friend who caused trouble in Tunceli were surrendered.
20 September 1937	The second Turkish History assembly was held in the Dolmabahce Palace.
20 September 1937	Atatürk opened Turkey's first official art gallery in the Dolmabahce palace.
9 October 1937	Nazilli Printed Cloth Fabric factory was opened by Atatürk.
25 October 1937	Inönü withdrew from the premiership. Celal Bayar took over the premiership.
28-30 October 1937	For the last time Atatürk participated in the Republic Holiday ceremonies in Ankara.
27 December 1937	The "Denizbank Law" was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

1938

14 January 1938	Saadabad Pact (Nonaggression Pact) that was signed between Turkey, Iran, Irak and Afghanistan was approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
22 January 1938	Atatürk went to Derince via Izmit.
24 January 1938	Izmir Telephone enterprise was purchased by the government.
1 February 1938	Gemlik synthetic silk factory was opened with a ceremony where Atatürk was present.
2 February 1938	Bursa Merino wool Factory was opened by Atatürk.
13 March 1938	One of the former commanders of the Independence War (full) General Cevat Cobanli died.
30 March 1938	The Secretary-General of the Presidency published the first official announcement of Atatürk's illness.
11 April 1938	Usküdar and Kadiköy Water Company was purchased.
19 May 1938	For the last time Atatürk watched the 19th of May Youth and Sports Holiday shows and, in spite of his illness, departed for a southern country tour in connection with Hatay Problem.
20-24 May 1938	Atatürk visited the Mersin Region in connection with the Hatay Problem.
21 May 1938	Atatürk watched the Military Parade in Mersin.
23 May 1938	Istanbul Electric Company was purchased.
24 May 1938	Atatürk watched the Military Parade in Adana.
1 June 1938	The Savarona Yatch, purchased by the State, arrived in Istanbul.
16 June 1938	Our woman aviator Sabiha Gökcen went for a Balkan air tour alone.
19 June 1938	The King of Romania, Carol the 2nd visited Atatürk in Istanbul.
20 June 1938	An amendment made to the law number 2739 that states "the national holidays and general rest days" and the day 19th of May was accepted as the "Youth and Sports Holiday" by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
24 June 1938	The Turkish Grand National Assembly accepted the law concerning the establishment of the Land Products Office.
28 June 1938	The Turkish Grand National Assembly accepted the "Associations Law".
3-4 July 1938	Turkey and France made an agreement to keep an equal amount of troops in Hatay. The troops entered Hatay on 4 July.
5 July 1938	All of the Turkish units arrived at their positions.
24 August 1938	The railway reached to Kemah.
29 August 1938	The Military Court convicted Nazim Hikmet Ran and others.
2 September 1938	Hatay National Assembly opened and Tayfur Sökmen was selected as the State President.
5 September 1938	Atatürk asked for his will to be written. (Opened on the 28 November 1938)
5 September 1938	Daily official announcements began to be published about the illness of Atatürk. On the 17 of October 1938 Atatürk went into a coma first time.
28 October 1938	Ankara radio went on the air.
29 October 1938	The Kuleli Military High School students, while passing in front of the Dolmabahce Palace by boat greeted Atatürk by singing the National Anthem.
29 October 1938	The message of Atatürk to the Turkish Armed Forces on account of the 15th anniversary of the Republic.
1 November 1938	The Premier Celal Bayar made the opening speech of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on behalf of Atatürk.
8 November 1938	The reports confirming the seriousnes of Atatürk's illness again began publishing.
10 November 1938	Atatürk closed his eyes to the materialistic life.